Marine organisms that rely on environmental cues for reproduction are likely to experience shifts in reproductive phenology and output due to global climate change. To assess the role that the environment may play in the reproductive timing for temperate sponges, this study examined sexual and asexual reproduction in New Zealand sponge species (Tethya bergquistae and the Tethya burtoni complex) and correlated reproductive output with temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, and rainfall. Histological analyses of sponges collected monthly (from February 2015 to February 2017) revealed that these sponges are oviparous and gonochoristic and that they sexually reproduce annually during the austral summer. Both monthly collections and in situ monitoring revealed that Tethya spp. asexually bud continuously, but with greater intensity in the austral spring and summer. Temperature was positively associated with both sexual reproduction and budding, with seasonal cues appearing important. Future shifts in the environment that alter such cues are expected to affect population dynamics of these sponges.

中文翻译：

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温带特提亚物种季节性驱动的有性和无性繁殖

由于全球气候变化，依赖环境线索进行繁殖的海洋生物很可能会经历繁殖物候和产量的变化。为了评估环境在温带海绵繁殖时间中可能发挥的作用，本研究检查了新西兰海绵物种（Tethya bergquistae 和 Tethya burtoni 复合体）的有性和无性繁殖，并将繁殖产量与温度、叶绿素-a 浓度、和降雨。每月（2015 年 2 月至 2017 年 2 月）收集的海绵的组织学分析表明，这些海绵是卵生和生殖器官，并且它们每年在南方夏季进行有性繁殖。每月收集和原位监测都表明 Tethya spp。不断地无性萌芽，但在南方春季和夏季强度更大。温度与有性繁殖和萌芽呈正相关，季节性线索显得很重要。改变这些线索的环境的未来变化预计会影响这些海绵的种群动态。