Terrestrial arthropods often colonized and became important in freshwater ecosystems, but did so less often and with little consequence in marine habitats. This pattern cannot be explained by the physical properties of water alone or by limitations of the terrestrial arthropod body plan alone. One hypothesis is that transitions among terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems are unlikely when well-adapted incumbent species in the recipient realm collectively resist entry by initially less well adapted newcomers. I evaluated and modified this hypothesis by examining the properties of donor and recipient ecosystems and the roles that insects play or do not play in each. I argue that the insularity and diminished competitiveness of most freshwater ecosystems makes them vulnerable to invasion from land and sea, and largely prevent transitions from freshwater to terrestrial and marine habitats by arthropods. Small terrestrial arthropods emphasize high locomotor performance and long-distance communication, traits that work less well in the denser, more viscous medium of water. These limitations pose particular challenges for insects colonizing highly escalated marine ecosystems, where small incumbent species rely more on passive than on active defences. Predatory insects are less constrained than herbivores, wood-borers, filter-feeders, sediment burrowers and social species.

中文翻译：

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陆生节肢动物的海洋殖民生态。

陆生节肢动物经常在淡水生态系统中定居并变得重要，但这种活动很少发生，对海洋栖息地的影响也很小。仅靠水的物理特性或仅凭地面节肢动物身体计划的局限性就无法解释这种模式。一种假设是，当接受国领域适应性强的现有物种共同抵制最初适应性较差的新移民进入时，陆地，水生和海洋生态系统之间的过渡是不可能的。我通过检查供体和受体生态系统的特性以及昆虫在每个生态系统中扮演或不扮演的角色，对这一假设进行了评估和修改。我认为，大多数淡水生态系统的孤立无常和竞争力下降，使其很容易受到陆地和海洋的入侵，并在很大程度上防止节肢动物从淡水过渡到陆地和海洋栖息地。小型陆生节肢动物强调高运动能力和长距离通讯，这些特征在较稠密，粘性更大的水中不能很好地发挥作用。这些局限性对于昆虫在高度升级的海洋生态系统中定殖提出了特殊的挑战，在这些生态系统中，小型现存物种更多地依靠被动防御而不是主动防御。捕食性昆虫的限制比食草动物，木钻孔器，滤食器，沉积物穴居人和社会物种要少。这些局限性对于昆虫在高度升级的海洋生态系统中定殖提出了特殊的挑战，在这些生态系统中，小型现存物种更多地依靠被动防御而不是主动防御。捕食性昆虫的限制比食草动物，木钻孔器，滤食器，沉积物穴居人和社会物种要少。这些局限性对于昆虫在高度升级的海洋生态系统中定殖提出了特殊的挑战，在这些生态系统中，小型现存物种更多地依靠被动防御而不是主动防御。捕食性昆虫的限制比食草动物，木钻孔器，滤食器，沉积物穴居人和社会物种要少。