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More shared urban open spaces: resiliency on demand
Agriculture and Human Values ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s10460-020-10070-4
Carolin Mees 1, 2
Affiliation  

The use of urban open spaces is essential. This is one of the conclusions from the Covid-19 pandemic that has affected the world for about five months now. A time during which city governments have, to different degrees, restricted access to urban open spaces and during which officials have also acknowledged that human beings need to leave their isolated apartments and to access open space for exercise and interaction with other human and non-human beings. That the use of open space is essential for health and social reasons, was already the realization of urban planners at the end of the nineteenth century when for example the New Parks movement (Mullaly 1882) in New York led to the introduction of Central Park, a 843 acres large area carved out of the street grid in the center of Manhattan island. The use of urban open spaces for the production of food currently gains more recognition as well as food becomes scarce due to an increase in demand and due to a lack of farm workers. This had been the case during previous times of crisis such as during the Great Depression, the First and Second World Wars, when, in order to increase food supplies, traditional inner-city parkland was transformed into government supported urban open spaces for food production in the city centers globally (Speirs et al. 1898). The use of all urban open spaces to improve the health of the population and to encourage food production is especially essential in impoverished neighborhoods of densely populated cities. In New York City for example, since the global economic crisis of the 1970s, residents have appropriated and commonly used urban open spaces on vacated land next to their apartment buildings for access to open space, food production and socializing among other uses. These community gardens have continued to exist until today and have taken on again during the Covid-19 an essential urban open space provision to their members. Over the last 40 years, residents have proven their determination and will to access, maintain and keep these urban open spaces as a shared land use form (Mees 2015): They have fought to protect their shared open spaces against the municipality’s efforts to replace them with housing, they have organized their open spaces and adjusted their design participatively (Mees 2018) according to the neighborhood’s preferences, they have tended to them, maintained them and kept them open for the larger public. And they have grown food on their lots, given surplus produce away to friends and neighbors or sold it to on onsite farmers markets, they have organized cultural events for their neighbors, they have harvested rainwater and solar energy, they composted vegetable scraps to new soil. In short, shared urban open spaces have become anchor points in the neighborhood that respond to the diverse social, cultural, energy, food production/supply needs of the population. With the current Pandemic crisis, it has become obvious again, that the use of urban open spaces is essential. Community gardens have become a luxury asset in times of lock-down and self-isolation. Even if these urban open spaces are only accessible individually or in groups of two or in the family, even if garden groups should stagger access to minimize the number of members inside the spaces simultaneously, and even if gardeners should disinfect shared tools and spaces, for the 8000 registered members of about 500 community gardens (Stone 2009) in New York City it means that they are privileged. And it also means that in this city with 8.5 million residents more shared urban open spaces are needed. With food supplies becoming scare during the current global crisis it becomes obvious to municipalities and the general public: Commonly used open spaces are accessible and open for the use for energy production, waste reduction through composting and recycling, for the use of innovative This article is part of the Topical Collection: Agriculture, Food & Covid-19.

中文翻译:

更多共享城市开放空间:按需弹性

城市开放空间的使用是必不可少的。这是已经影响世界约五个月的 Covid-19 大流行得出的结论之一。在此期间,市政府在不同程度上限制了城市开放空间的使用,在此期间,官员们也承认人类需要离开他们孤立的公寓,进入开放空间进行锻炼和与其他人和非人类互动众生。出于健康和社会原因,开放空间的使用是必不可少的,这已经是 19 世纪末城市规划者的实现,例如纽约的新公园运动 (Mullaly 1882) 导致了中央公园的引入,在曼哈顿岛中心的街道网格中雕刻出一块 843 英亩的大面积。使用城市开放空间生产食品目前得到了更多的认可,而且由于需求增加和缺乏农场工人,食品变得稀缺。在之前的危机时期,例如大萧条、第一次和第二次世界大战期间,情况就是如此,当时为了增加粮食供应,传统的市中心公园被改造成政府支持的城市开放空间,用于粮食生产。全球城市中心(Speirs et al. 1898)。利用所有城市开放空间来改善人口健康和鼓励粮食生产对于人口稠密城市的贫困社区尤为重要。以纽约市为例,自 1970 年代全球经济危机以来,居民在其公寓楼旁边的空地上占用并常用城市开放空间,用于获得开放空间、食品生产和社交等用途。这些社区花园一直存在到今天,并在 Covid-19 期间再次为其成员提供了必不可少的城市开放空间。在过去的 40 年里,居民已经证明了他们将这些城市开放空间作为一种共享的土地使用形式进入、维护和保持的决心和意愿(Mees 2015):他们一直在努力保护他们的共享开放空间,以防止市政当局试图取代它们在住房方面,他们根据社区的喜好组织了开放空间并参与式地调整了设计(Mees 2018),他们照料、维护并保持对更多公众开放。他们在自己的土地上种植粮食,将多余的农产品送给朋友和邻居,或将其出售给现场农贸市场,他们为邻居组织文化活动,他们收集雨水和太阳能,他们将蔬菜残渣堆肥到新的土壤中. 简而言之,共享的城市开放空间已成为邻里的锚点,响应了人口多样化的社会、文化、能源、食品生产/供应需求。在当前的大流行危机下,城市开放空间的使用再次变得很明显。在封锁和自我隔离时期,社区花园已成为一种奢侈品。即使这些城市开放空间只能单独或以两人或家庭的形式进入,即使花园团体应该错开访问以同时尽量减少空间内的成员数量,即使园丁应该对共享工具和空间进行消毒,对于纽约市约 500 个社区花园 (Stone 2009) 的 8000 名注册成员来说,这意味着他们享有特权。这也意味着在这个拥有 850 万居民的城市中,需要更多共享的城市开放空间。在当前的全球危机期间,食品供应变得紧张,这对市政当局和公众来说变得很明显:常用的开放空间可以进入并开放用于能源生产、通过堆肥和回收减少废物,以及使用创新的这篇文章是专题收藏的一部分:农业、食品和 Covid-19。即使园丁应该对共享工具和空间进行消毒,对于纽约市约 500 个社区花园(Stone 2009)的 8000 名注册会员来说,这意味着他们享有特权。这也意味着在这个拥有 850 万居民的城市中,需要更多共享的城市开放空间。在当前的全球危机期间,食品供应变得紧张,这对市政当局和公众来说变得很明显:常用的开放空间可以进入并开放用于能源生产、通过堆肥和回收减少废物,以及使用创新的这篇文章是专题收藏的一部分:农业、食品和 Covid-19。即使园丁应该对共享工具和空间进行消毒,对于纽约市约 500 个社区花园(Stone 2009)的 8000 名注册会员来说,这意味着他们享有特权。这也意味着在这个拥有 850 万居民的城市中,需要更多共享的城市开放空间。在当前的全球危机期间,食品供应变得紧张,这对市政当局和公众来说变得很明显:常用的开放空间可以进入并开放用于能源生产、通过堆肥和回收减少废物,以及使用创新的这篇文章是专题收藏的一部分:农业、食品和 Covid-19。需要 500 万居民共享城市开放空间。在当前的全球危机期间,食品供应变得紧张,这对市政当局和公众来说变得很明显:常用的开放空间可以进入并开放用于能源生产、通过堆肥和回收减少废物,以及使用创新的这篇文章是专题收藏的一部分:农业、食品和 Covid-19。需要 500 万居民共享城市开放空间。在当前的全球危机期间,食品供应变得紧张,这对市政当局和公众来说变得很明显:常用的开放空间可以进入并开放用于能源生产、通过堆肥和回收减少废物,以及使用创新的这篇文章是专题收藏的一部分:农业、食品和 Covid-19。
更新日期:2020-05-13
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