Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique pelvic and hindlimb skeleton among tetrapods. Although their distinct body plan is primarily associated with saltation, anuran species vary in their primary locomotor mode (e.g., walkers, hoppers, jumpers, and swimmers) and are found in a wide array of microhabitats (e.g., burrowing, terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic) with varying functional demands. Given their largely conserved body plan, morphological adaptation to these diverse niches likely results from more fine-scale morphological change. Our study determines how shape differences in Anura's unique pelvic and hindlimb skeletal structures vary with microhabitat, locomotor mode, and jumping ability. Using microCT scans of preserved specimens from museum collections, we added 3D landmarks to the pelvic and hindlimb skeleton of 230 anuran species. In addition, we compiled microhabitat and locomotor data from the literature for these species that span 52 of the 55 families of frogs and ~210 million years of anuran evolution. Using this robust dataset, we examine the relationship between pelvic and hindlimb morphology and phylogenetic history, allometry, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. We find pelvic and hindlimb changes associated with shifts in microhabitat ("ecomorphs") and locomotor mode ("locomorphs") and directly relate those morphological changes to the jumping ability of individual species. We also reveal how individual bones vary in evolutionary rate and their association with phylogeny, body size, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. Our findings uncover previously undocumented morphological variation related to anuran ecological and locomotor diversification and link that variation to differences in jumping ability among species.

中文翻译：

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与微栖息地、运动模式和跳跃性能相关的独特 Anuran 骨盆和后肢骨骼的进化

Anurans（青蛙和蟾蜍）在四足动物中具有独特的骨盆和后肢骨骼。虽然它们独特的身体结构主要与跳跃有关，但无尾猿的主要运动模式（例如步行者、跳跃者、跳跃者和游泳者）各不相同，并且存在于各种微生境中（例如穴居、陆生、树栖和水生）具有不同的功能需求。鉴于它们在很大程度上保守的身体计划，对这些不同生态位的形态适应可能来自更精细的形态变化。我们的研究确定了 Anura 独特的骨盆和后肢骨骼结构的形状差异如何随微栖息地、运动模式和跳跃能力而变化。使用来自博物馆藏品的保存标本的显微 CT 扫描，我们为 230 种无尾猿的骨盆和后肢骨骼添加了 3D 地标。此外，我们从这些物种的文献中汇编了微栖息地和运动数据，这些物种跨越了 55 个青蛙科中的 52 个，以及大约 2.1 亿年的无尾目进化。使用这个强大的数据集，我们检查了骨盆和后肢形态与系统发育历史、异速生长、微栖息地和运动模式之间的关系。我们发现骨盆和后肢的变化与微栖息地（“ecomorphs”）和运动模式（“locomorphs”）的变化相关，并将这些形态变化与单个物种的跳跃能力直接相关。我们还揭示了个体骨骼在进化速度方面的差异及其与系统发育、体型、微栖息地和运动模式的关联。