In wine production, sulfites are widely used as antimicrobials and antioxidants, whereas copper is associated with fungicides and wine fining treatments. Therefore, wine yeasts are constantly exposed to these agents. Copper tolerance is related to the copy number of the CUP1 gene, encoding for a metallothionein involved in copper detoxification. In wine yeasts, sulfite resistance mainly depends on the presence of the translocation t(XVI;VIII) in the promoter region of the SSU1 gene. This gene encodes for a plasma membrane sulfite pump involved in sulfite metabolism and detoxification. Recently, a new translocation, t(XVI;VIII), was identified. In this work, 253 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, representing three vineyard populations from two different continents, were analyzed, along with 20 industrial starters. Copper and sulfites tolerance as well as distribution of CUP1 gene copy-number, t(XVI;VIII)and t(XVI;XV) of SSU1 gene were studied to evaluate the impact of these genomic variations on population phenotypes. The CUP1 gene copy-number was found to be highly variable, ranging from zero to 79 per strain. Moreover it differently impacted the copper tolerance in the populations of the two continents. The diffusion of t(XVI;VIII) and, for the first time, t(XVI;XV) was determined in the three vineyard populations. The correlation between the presence of the translocation and strain sulfite tolerance levels was significant only for the t(XVI;VIII).

中文翻译：

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CUP1基因拷贝数和XVI-VIII / XV-XVI易位对酿酒酵母菌株群体对铜和亚硫酸盐耐受性的影响。

在葡萄酒生产中，亚硫酸盐被广泛用作抗微生物剂和抗氧化剂，而铜则与杀菌剂和葡萄酒澄清处理相关。因此，葡萄酒酵母不断暴露于这些物质。铜耐受性与CUP1基因的拷贝数有关，该基因编码参与铜排毒的金属硫蛋白。在葡萄酒酵母中，亚硫酸盐抗性主要取决于SSU1基因启动子区域中易位t（XVI; VIII）的存在。该基因编码参与亚硫酸盐代谢和排毒的质膜亚硫酸盐泵。最近，鉴定了新的易位t（XVI; VIII）。在这项工作中，有253个酿酒酵母分析了代表两个不同大陆的三个葡萄园种群的菌株，以及20种工业发酵剂。研究了铜和亚硫酸盐的耐受性以及SSU1基因的CUP1基因拷贝数，t（XVI; VIII）和t（XVI; XV）的分布，以评估这些基因组变异对种群表型的影响。的CUP1基因拷贝数被发现是高度可变的，从零到79％的应变范围。此外，它对两大洲人口的铜耐受性产生了不同的影响。t（XVI; VIII）和t（XVI; XV）的扩散是在三个葡萄园人口中确定的。仅对于t（XVI； VIII），易位的存在与菌株亚硫酸盐耐受性水平之间的相关性是显着的。