Abstract

Probiotic foods, including fermented dairy (FD) products such as yogurt and cheese, naturally contain live microorganisms, but the relationship between the consumption of probiotic foods and health is unclear. The aim of the present narrative review is to integrate the available information on the relationship between the most studied FD products, which are yogurt and cheese, and cardiometabolic risk factors obtained from meta-analysis, systematic reviews of prospective cohort studies (PCSs) and PCSs published up to 2 November 2019. Additionally, the effects identified by randomized controlled trials of less-studied FD products, such as kefir and kimchi, on cardiometabolic risk factors are provided. PCSs have shown that the consumption of cheese, despite its high saturated fat content, is not associated with expected hypercholesterolemia and an increased cardiovascular risk. PCSs have revealed that the total consumption of FD appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing stroke and cardiovascular disease. The consumption of yogurt seems to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. There is a lack of sufficient evidence of a protective relationship between FD or cheese consumption and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the association of FD, cheese and yogurt with hypertension needs further evidence. In conclusion, the intake of fermented foods containing probiotics, particularly yogurt and cheese (of an undetermined type), opens up new opportunities for the management of cardiometabolic risk factors.

摘要

益生菌食品，包括酸奶和奶酪等发酵乳制品 (FD) 产品，天然含有活微生物，但益生菌食品的摄入量与健康之间的关系尚不清楚。本叙述性综述的目的是整合关于研究最多的 FD 产品（酸奶和奶酪）与心脏代谢危险因素之间关系的可用信息，这些因素从荟萃分析、前瞻性队列研究 (PCS) 和 PCS 的系统评价中获得。发布至 2019 年 11 月 2 日。此外，还提供了研究较少的 FD 产品（如开菲尔和泡菜）的随机对照试验确定的对心脏代谢风险因素的影响。PCS 表明，尽管奶酪的饱和脂肪含量很高，但食用奶酪，与预期的高胆固醇血症和心血管风险增加无关。PCS 显示，FD 的总消耗量似乎与患中风和心血管疾病的风险较低有关。酸奶的消费似乎与患 2 型糖尿病的风险较低有关。缺乏足够的证据表明 FD 或奶酪消费与代谢综合征之间存在保护关系。此外，FD、奶酪和酸奶与高血压的关联需要进一步的证据。总之，摄入含有益生菌的发酵食品，特别是酸奶和奶酪（类型未定），为管理心脏代谢危险因素开辟了新的机会。PCS 显示，FD 的总消耗量似乎与患中风和心血管疾病的风险较低有关。酸奶的消费似乎与患 2 型糖尿病的风险较低有关。缺乏足够的证据表明 FD 或奶酪消费与代谢综合征之间存在保护关系。此外，FD、奶酪和酸奶与高血压的关联需要进一步的证据。总之，摄入含有益生菌的发酵食品，特别是酸奶和奶酪（类型未定），为管理心脏代谢风险因素开辟了新的机会。PCS 显示，FD 的总消耗量似乎与患中风和心血管疾病的风险较低有关。酸奶的消费似乎与患 2 型糖尿病的风险较低有关。缺乏足够的证据表明 FD 或奶酪消费与代谢综合征之间存在保护关系。此外，FD、奶酪和酸奶与高血压的关联需要进一步的证据。总之，摄入含有益生菌的发酵食品，特别是酸奶和奶酪（类型未定），为管理心脏代谢危险因素开辟了新的机会。缺乏足够的证据表明 FD 或奶酪消费与代谢综合征之间存在保护关系。此外，FD、奶酪和酸奶与高血压的关联需要进一步的证据。总之，摄入含有益生菌的发酵食品，特别是酸奶和奶酪（类型未定），为管理心脏代谢危险因素开辟了新的机会。缺乏足够的证据表明 FD 或奶酪消费与代谢综合征之间存在保护关系。此外，FD、奶酪和酸奶与高血压的关联需要进一步的证据。总之，摄入含有益生菌的发酵食品，特别是酸奶和奶酪（类型未定），为管理心脏代谢危险因素开辟了新的机会。