Background: Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) youth are at a higher risk of high-risk behaviors compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) youth. Some of this racial gap is shown to be due to weaker effects of parental educational attainment on reducing the prevalence of behavioral risk factors such as impulsivity, substance use, aggression, obesity, and poor school performance for NHBs, a pattern called Minorities’ Diminished Returns. These diminishing returns may be due to lower than expected effects of parental education on inhibitory control. Aim: We compared NHW and NHB youth for the effect of parental educational attainment on youth inhibitory control, a psychological and cognitive construct that closely predicts high-risk behaviors such as the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 4188 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. The main outcome was youth inhibitory control measured by the stop-signal task (SST), which was validated by parent reports on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: In race/ethnicity-stratified models, high parental educational attainment was associated with a higher level of inhibitory control for NHB than NHW youth. In the pooled sample, race/ethnicity showed a statistically significant interaction with parental educational attainment on youth inhibitory control suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on inhibitory control for NHB than NHW youth. Conclusion: Parental educational attainment boosts inhibitory control for NHW but not NHB youth. To minimize the racial gap in youth brain development, we need to address societal barriers that diminish the returns of family economic and human resources, particularly parental educational attainment, for racial and ethnic minority youth. Social and public policies should address structural and societal barriers such as social stratification, segregation, racism, and discrimination that hinder NHB parents’ abilities to effectively mobilize their human resources and secure tangible outcomes for their developing youth.

中文翻译：

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青少年大脑认知发展 (ABCD) 研究中青少年抑制控制的家长教育：黑人的收益递减。

背景：与非西班牙裔白人 (NHW) 青年相比，非西班牙裔黑人 (NHB) 青年面临高风险行为的风险更高。部分种族差距被证明是由于父母的教育程度对减少行为风险因素的影响较弱，例如冲动、药物使用、攻击性、肥胖和 NHB 的学习成绩差，这种模式称为少数群体的收益递减. 这些收益递减可能是由于父母教育对抑制控制的影响低于预期。目的：我们比较了 NHW 和 NHB 青年的父母教育程度对青年抑制控制的影响，这是一种心理和认知结构，可以密切预测高风险行为，例如使用毒品、酒精和烟草。方法：这是一项横断面分析，包括来自青少年大脑认知发展 (ABCD) 研究的 4188 名青少年。自变量是父母的教育程度。主要结果是通过停止信号任务 (SST) 衡量的青少年抑制控制，这已通过儿童行为检查表 (CBCL) 上的家长报告进行验证。结果：在种族/民族分层模型中，与 NHW 青年相比，父母的高教育程度与 NHB 的抑制控制水平更高相关。在汇总样本中，种族/民族与父母受教育程度对青少年抑制控制有统计学意义的相互作用，这表明高父母受教育程度对 NHB 抑制控制的促进作用小于 NHW 青年。结论：父母的教育程度提高了 NHW 而非 NHB 青年的抑制控制。为了最大限度地减少青少年大脑发育方面的种族差距，我们需要解决减少家庭经济和人力资源回报的社会障碍，尤其是父母教育程度对种族和少数民族青少年的影响。社会和公共政策应解决社会分层、隔离、种族主义和歧视等结构性和社会障碍，这些障碍阻碍 NHB 父母有效调动其人力资源并确保其发展中的青年取得切实成果的能力。为种族和少数族裔青年。社会和公共政策应解决社会分层、隔离、种族主义和歧视等结构性和社会障碍，这些障碍阻碍 NHB 父母有效调动其人力资源并确保其发展中的青年取得切实成果的能力。为种族和少数族裔青年。社会和公共政策应解决社会分层、隔离、种族主义和歧视等结构性和社会障碍，这些障碍阻碍 NHB 父母有效调动其人力资源并确保其发展中的青年取得切实成果的能力。