Context Resource movements across ecosystem boundaries are important determinants of the diversity and abundance of organisms in the donor and recipient ecosystem. However the effects of cross-ecosystem movements of materials at broader spatial extents than a typical field study are not well understood. Objectives We tested the hypotheses that (1) variation in abundance of 57 forest songbird species within four foraging guilds is explained by modeled emergent aquatic insect biomass inputs from adjacent lakes and streams and (2) the degree of association varies across foraging guilds and species within guilds. We also sought to determine the importance of emergent aquatic insects while accounting for variation in local forest cover and edge. Methods We spatially modeled the degree to which distribution and abundance of songbirds in different foraging guilds was explained by modeled emergent aquatic insect biomass. We used multilevel models to simultaneously estimate the responses of species in four different insectivorous guilds. Bird abundance was summarized from point counts conducted over 24 years at 317 points. Results Aerial insectivores were more abundant in areas with high estimated emergent insect biomass inputs to land (regression coefficient 0.30, P < 0.05) but the overall abundance of gleaners, bark-probers, and ground-foragers was not explained by estimated emergent insect abundance. The coursing aerial insectivores had the strongest association with emergent insects followed by willow flycatcher, olive-sided flycatcher, and alder flycatcher. Conclusions Modeling cross-ecosystem movements of materials at broad spatial extents can effectively characterize the importance of this ecological process for aerial insectivorous songbirds.

中文翻译：

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模拟跨生态系统补贴：森林鸣禽对水生昆虫的反应

背景跨生态系统边界的资源移动是捐助者和接受者生态系统中生物多样性和丰度的重要决定因素。然而，在比典型的实地研究更广泛的空间范围内，材料的跨生态系统运动的影响尚不清楚。目标 我们测试了以下假设：(1) 四个觅食行会中 57 种森林鸣禽物种丰度的变化可以通过模拟来自邻近湖泊和溪流的新兴水生昆虫生物量输入来解释，以及 (2) 不同觅食行会和物种之间的关联程度不同。公会。我们还试图确定水生昆虫的重要性，同时考虑当地森林覆盖和边缘的变化。方法我们在空间上模拟了不同觅食行会中鸣禽的分布和丰度通过模拟的水生昆虫生物量来解释的程度。我们使用多级模型同时估计四个不同食虫行会中物种的反应。鸟类丰度是从 24 年来在 317 个点进行的点计数中总结出来的。结果 空中食虫动物在估计的紧急昆虫生物量输入较高的地区更为丰富（回归系数 0.30，P < 0.05），但收集者、树皮探测者和地面觅食者的总体丰度不能用估计的紧急昆虫丰度来解释。飞行的空中食虫动物与新兴昆虫的关联最强，其次是柳鹟、橄榄边鹟和桤鹛。