Children who experience poor nutrition during the first 1000 days of life are more vulnerable to illness and death in the near term, as well as to lower work capacity and productivity as adults. These problems motivate research to identify basic and underlying factors that influence risks of child malnutrition. Based on a structured search of existing literature, we identified 90 studies that used statistical analyses to assess relationships between potential factors and major indicators of child malnutrition: stunting, wasting, and underweight. Our review determined that wasting, a measure of acute malnutrition, is substantially understudied compared to the other indicators. We summarize the evidence about relationships between child malnutrition and numerous factors at the individual, household, region/community, and country levels. Our results identify only select relationships that are statistically significant, with consistent signs, across multiple studies. Among the consistent predictors of child malnutrition are shocks due to variations in climate conditions (as measured with indicators of temperature, rainfall, and vegetation) and violent conflict. Limited research has been conducted on the relationship between violent conflict and wasting. Improved understanding of the variables associated with child malnutrition will aid advances in predictive modeling of the risks and severity of malnutrition crises and enhance the effectiveness of responses by the development and humanitarian communities.

中文翻译：

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儿童营养不良相关因素的实证研究：强调气候和冲突冲击的证据

在生命的前 1000 天内营养不良的儿童在短期内更容易生病和死亡，并且成年后的工作能力和生产力也会降低。这些问题促使研究确定影响儿童营养不良风险的基本和潜在因素。基于对现有文献的结构化搜索，我们确定了 90 项研究，这些研究使用统计分析来评估潜在因素与儿童营养不良的主要指标之间的关系：发育迟缓、消瘦和体重不足。我们的审查确定，与其他指标相比，消瘦是一种衡量急性营养不良的指标，但研究不足。我们总结了有关儿童营养不良与个人、家庭、地区/社区和国家层面的众多因素之间关系的证据。我们的结果仅识别出在多项研究中具有统计学意义且具有一致迹象的选择关系。儿童营养不良的一致预测因素包括气候条件变化（以温度、降雨量和植被指标衡量）和暴力冲突造成的冲击。关于暴力冲突与消瘦之间的关系的研究有限。更好地了解与儿童营养不良相关的变量将有助于推进营养不良危机的风险和严重程度的预测建模，并提高发展和人道主义社区应对措施的有效性。儿童营养不良的一致预测因素包括气候条件变化（以温度、降雨量和植被指标衡量）和暴力冲突造成的冲击。关于暴力冲突与消瘦之间的关系的研究有限。更好地了解与儿童营养不良相关的变量将有助于推进营养不良危机的风险和严重程度的预测建模，并提高发展和人道主义社区应对措施的有效性。儿童营养不良的一致预测因素包括气候条件变化（以温度、降雨量和植被指标衡量）和暴力冲突造成的冲击。关于暴力冲突与消瘦之间的关系的研究有限。更好地了解与儿童营养不良相关的变量将有助于推进营养不良危机的风险和严重程度的预测建模，并提高发展和人道主义社区应对措施的有效性。