ABSTRACT Context Today, we are facing the growing development of distributed systems which their vast scale has challenged their centralized management. Therefore, many researchers design these systems as self-organizing. After implementing self-organizing systems, new behaviors known as emergence form at a global level of the system. Objective The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of emergence in various natural and artificial systems, categorize research activities, identify research pathways of emergence in computer science, and shed light on future research directions. Method In this paper, for a systematic literature review, numerous articles regarding emergence phenomena in self-organizing systems are studied and investigated. Result Emergence is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of researchers these days. In this paper, concerning nine research questions, 180 research papers are studied. In addition to exploring definitions and features of emergence, a variety of research interests has been found, including studies on why and how to identify, measure, validate, predict, model, simulate, and control emergence. Conclusion This study shows that much research had been done not only in computer science but also in other sciences on emergence. In addition to a need to provide new methods, based on various technologies, for identifying, measuring, verifying, modeling, simulating, predicting, and controlling emergence in future research, there is a lack of work regarding many issues on emergence.

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自组织系统中的涌现现象：概念、研究和未来前景的系统文献综述

摘要背景今天，我们正面临着分布式系统的不断发展，其庞大的规模已经挑战了他们的集中管理。因此，许多研究人员将这些系统设计为自组织的。在实施自组织系统后，称为涌现的新行为在系统的全局级别形成。目的本文的目的是研究各种自然和人工系统中涌现的概念，对研究活动进行分类，确定计算机科学中涌现的研究途径，并阐明未来的研究方向。方法在本文中，为了系统地文献综述，研究和调查了大量关于自组织系统中的涌现现象的文章。结果 涌现是当今引起研究人员关注的问题之一。在本文中，涉及九个研究问题，研究了 180 篇研究论文。除了探索涌现的定义和特征之外，还发现了各种研究兴趣，包括关于识别、测量、验证、预测、建模、模拟和控制涌现的原因和方式的研究。结论 这项研究表明，不仅在计算机科学领域，而且在其他科学领域，都对涌现进行了大量研究。除了需要提供基于各种技术的新方法来识别、测量、验证、建模、模拟、预测和控制涌现的未来研究之外，还缺乏关于涌现的许多问题的工作。已经发现了各种研究兴趣，包括关于识别、测量、验证、预测、建模、模拟和控制出现的原因和方式的研究。结论 这项研究表明，不仅在计算机科学领域，而且在其他科学领域，都对涌现进行了大量研究。除了需要提供基于各种技术的新方法来识别、测量、验证、建模、模拟、预测和控制涌现的未来研究之外，还缺乏关于涌现的许多问题的工作。已经发现了各种研究兴趣，包括关于识别、测量、验证、预测、建模、模拟和控制出现的原因和方式的研究。结论 这项研究表明，不仅在计算机科学领域，而且在其他科学领域，都对涌现进行了大量研究。除了需要提供基于各种技术的新方法来识别、测量、验证、建模、模拟、预测和控制涌现的未来研究之外，还缺乏关于涌现的许多问题的工作。