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Successful Ecological Regeneration of Opencast Coal Mine Spoils through Forestation: From Cradle to Grove
Minerals ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-20 , DOI: 10.3390/min10050461
Martin Haigh , Patricia Woodruffe , Margaret D’Aucourt , Elanor Alun , Gillian Wilding , Susan Fitzpatrick , Ekaterina Filcheva , Maya Noustorova

The reclamation of surface (opencast) coal mines is not always successful; there remains a legacy of degraded land that burdens local communities. This article evaluates a community-oriented, low-cost means of geoecological regeneration, the “Cradle for Nature” strategy, which uses mosaic tree planting to foster positive natural ecological processes. Results show that, while the autocompaction of minestones quickly raises soil densities to levels hostile to plant growth, forestation helps moderate soil densities. Weathering concentrates metals in minestones, but 14 years of forestation reduced the loadings of five metals by 35–52%. Twenty years of forestation doubled soil organic carbon to >7%; increased bacilli from 7% to 46%; actinomycetes from 10% to 26%; and soil microbe counts 12–15 times, especially in tree plantings treated with fertiliser. Soils under trees also supported a significantly greater earthworm biomass than under grass but, while open-canopy plantings had increased ground flora biodiversity, closed-canopy plantings had lower diversity and biomass. Following closure to grazing, ground biomass increased sevenfold. Young trees act as bird perches and significantly increase seed fall. Small mammal biomass and biodiversity increases after tree planting and higher predators appear. Varteg’s constructed forest provides an effective “cradle” for an emergent geoecological system and its habitat mosaic maximises biodiversity.

中文翻译:

通过造林成功实现露天煤矿弃土的生态再生:从摇篮到树林

露天(露天)煤矿的复垦并不总是成功的;土地退化仍然给当地社区带来负担。本文评估了一种以社区为导向的低成本地球生态再生手段,即“自然摇篮”战略,该战略利用镶嵌树木种植来促进积极的自然生态过程。结果表明,尽管矿岩的自密实作用迅速将土壤密度提高到对植物生长不利的水平,但造林有助于中等土壤密度。风化使金属集中在矿岩中,但是14年的造林使5种金属的负载减少了35–52%。二十年的植树造林使土壤有机碳增加了一倍,达到> 7%;细菌从7%增加到46%;放线菌从10%增至26%; 土壤微生物计数是12至15倍,特别是在用肥料处理过的树木上。树木下的土壤也比草下的土壤支持更多的worm生物量,但开放式冠层种植增加了地面植物的生物多样性,而封闭式冠层种植则具有较低的多样性和生物量。关闭放牧后,地面生物量增加了七倍。幼树充当鸟类栖息处,并显着增加种子落下率。植树后出现了较小的哺乳动物生物量和生物多样性,并且出现了更高的捕食者。Varteg的人工林为新兴的地球生态系统提供了有效的“摇篮”,其栖息地马赛克使生物多样性最大化。封闭的树冠种植具有较低的多样性和生物量。关闭放牧后,地面生物量增加了七倍。幼树充当鸟类栖息处,并显着增加种子落下率。植树后出现了较小的哺乳动物生物量和生物多样性,并且出现了更高的捕食者。Varteg的人工林为新兴的地球生态系统提供了有效的“摇篮”,其栖息地马赛克使生物多样性最大化。封闭的树冠种植具有较低的多样性和生物量。关闭放牧后,地面生物量增加了七倍。幼树充当鸟类栖息处,并显着增加种子落下率。植树后出现了较小的哺乳动物生物量和生物多样性,并且出现了更高的捕食者。Varteg的人工林为新兴的地球生态系统提供了有效的“摇篮”,其栖息地马赛克使生物多样性最大化。
更新日期:2020-05-20
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