Wire and arc additive manufacturing of stiffened ribs for fabricating large integral panel components holds promise for lightweight construction, but stress and warpage remain intractable problems. This work take stress in central lines as a research focus, theoretically analyzes stress evolution along central lines without a stress distribution hypothesis, then further develops prediction models of warpage, based on general beam theory. The stress and warpage models are then verified by experimental results. The results showed that below 40 layers, the stress in the top layer increased rapidly to the yield strength. Following the continuous deposition of up to 100 layers, stress increased slowly, then gradually trended to a constant level. After 100 layers of deposition, the top-layer-plane stress in the 10th layer decreased from 68 MPa to 5 MPa, and the plane stress in the 90th layer decreased from 296 MPa to 245 MPa. Post-heating treatment effect was important for temperature uniformity. The largest warpage (3.48 mm) happened when stiffener was designed as 30 layers.

中文翻译：

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钢丝和电弧增材制造加劲板残余应力和翘曲的理论模型

用于制造大型整体面板部件的加劲肋的钢丝和电弧增材制造有望实现轻量化，但是应力和翘曲仍然是棘手的问题。这项工作以中心线上的应力为研究重点，在没有应力分布假设的情况下从理论上分析了中心线上的应力演化，然后基于通用梁理论进一步开发了翘曲预测模型。然后通过实验结果验证应力和翘曲模型。结果表明，在40层以下，顶层的应力迅速增加，直至屈服强度。在连续沉积多达100层之后，应力缓慢增加，然后逐渐趋于恒定。沉积100层后，第10层的顶层平面应力从68 MPa降低到5 MPa，第90层的平面应力从296 MPa降低到245 MPa。热处理后的效果对于温度均匀性很重要。当将加强筋设计为30层时，最大翘曲（3.48毫米）发生了。