Abstract Mining activities provide the increasing basic human needs of materials, and the pressures of mining operations on biodiversity have been widely recognized. The spatial coincidence between mining surfaces and protected areas (or biodiversity hotspots) were identified by many studies at the global, national, and landscape scales, but few studies have focused on the spatial overlap between mining activities and the protected areas of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), which is a world-renowned vulnerable flagship species, whose habitat has been decreased and fragmented since the last century. In this paper, using the official data of mining operation areas, we applied spatial analyses to detect the correlation among mining surfaces, panda populations (77.4% of all wild individuals), as well as their habitat (61.8% of the whole territory) and protected areas. We proposed a biodiversity factor index (BDF) to empirically test the potential influences of mining activities on wildlife habitat or protected areas. The results showed that: 1) from 2010 to 2019, a total of 197 mining concessions were detected in the habitat and protected areas of pandas, covering an area of 354.60 km2; 2) the most important types of protected areas for conservation (e.g. strict nature reserve and national park) suffered the most impacts caused by mining activities; 3) the panda populations preferred better habitat and avoided the mining sites, but mining operations introduced threats to the high suitability habitat most; 4) the high mining density areas were concentrated in seven zones. Finally, we discussed the reasons why mining operations were extendedly overlapped with the protected areas of panda habitat. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of mining activities on panda habitat, some priority areas for habitat restorations were presented, which would attenuate the immediate conflict between stakeholders' interests and conservation at the beginning of restoration and increase the habitat quality in the long term.

中文翻译：

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大熊猫栖息地采矿活动与保护区的空间重合：地理重叠及其对保护的影响

摘要 采矿活动提供了人类日益增长的基本物质需求，采矿作业对生物多样性的压力已得到广泛认可。全球、国家和景观尺度上的许多研究都确定了采矿地表和保护区（或生物多样性热点）之间的空间重合，但很少有研究关注采矿活动与大熊猫（大熊猫）保护区之间的空间重叠。 melanoleuca)，它是世界著名的脆弱旗舰物种，自上个世纪以来，其栖息地已经减少和破碎。在本文中，我们利用采矿作业区的官方数据，应用空间分析来检测采矿表面、大熊猫种群（占所有野生个体的 77.4%）及其栖息地（61. 8% 的领土）和保护区。我们提出了一个生物多样性因子指数 (BDF)，以实证检验采矿活动对野生动物栖息地或保护区的潜在影响。结果表明：1）2010-2019年，在大熊猫栖息地和保护区共检测到197个采矿特许权，面积354.60平方公里；2) 最重要的保护区类型（如严格的自然保护区和国家公园）受采矿活动的影响最大；3）大熊猫种群更喜欢更好的栖息地，避开采矿场，但采矿作业对高适宜性栖息地的威胁最大；4）高开采密度区集中在七个区。最后，我们讨论了采矿作业与大熊猫栖息地保护区长期重叠的原因。根据大熊猫栖息地采矿活动的时空分布，提出了一些栖息地恢复的优先领域，这将在恢复之初减轻利益相关者的利益与保护之间的直接冲突，并提高长期栖息地质量。