Human locomotion is the result of complex neuromusculoskeletal cooperation between different joints and limbs of the lower extremities. This collaboration (also called synergy [1]) results in an energyefficient gait. Unfortunately, for an above-knee amputee, this cooperation is lost since current prosthetic devices do not emulate the missing functionality in a manner similar to their biological counterparts. Transfemoral amputees can select between passive (Mauch knee [2]), semi-active (Ottobock's C-leg [3] and Ossur's rheo knee [4]), and active prosthetic devices (Ossur's power knee [5]). What distinguishes the active ones from the other two is the injection of positive power for activities such as ascending stairs and standing up from a chair.

中文翻译：

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基于大腿运动的膝关节角度估计：一种功能方法及其对主动修复膝关节的高级控制的意义

人的运动是下肢不同关节和四肢之间复杂的神经肌肉骨骼协作的结果。这种协作（也称为协同作用[1]）可实现节能步态。不幸的是，对于膝盖以上的截肢者而言，这种合作关系消失了，因为当前的假肢装置不能以类似于其生物学对应物的方式来模仿缺失的功能。经股截肢者可以选择被动式（Mauch膝盖[2]），半主动式（Ottobock的C型腿[3]和Ossur的流变膝盖[4]）和主动式假肢装置（Ossur的动力膝盖[5]）。活跃的人与其他两个人的区别在于，为诸如上楼梯和从椅子上站起来之类的活动注入了积极的力量。