Model transformations (MT) are a significant element of model-based and model-driven engineering approaches. Hence their quality is important for their effectiveness for use in such developments. The concept of technical debt (TD) estimates the impact of quality flaws on the maintenance costs of software artefacts.

In this paper we define a quality model for model transformation languages, and define TD indicators for MT based on this model. We apply the indicators to evaluate the TD levels in 40 transformation cases in three procedural MT languages: QVT-O, Kermeta and EGL, and compare these levels with results for the declarative QVT-R language.

模型转换（MT）是基于模型和模型驱动的工程方法的重要组成部分。因此，它们的质量对其在此类开发中的使用效率至关重要。技术债务（TD）的概念估计质量缺陷对软件工件维护成本的影响。

在本文中，我们为模型转换语言定义了质量模型，并在此模型的基础上为MT定义了TD指标。我们使用指标来评估三种程序性MT语言（QVT-O，Kermeta和EGL）在40个转换案例中的TD水平，并将这些水平与声明性QVT-R语言的结果进行比较。