In the present study, we report the physical and optical properties of low-cost glass (soda-lime silicate glass) fabricated from local minerals, obtained from Hazara division Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Zirconium dioxide (1–3%) was added as a nucleating agent to investigate its effect on phase, density, hardness, and optical properties of soda-lime silicate glass. In the obtained glass-ceramic materials, the major crystalline phase was cristobalite. It was found that an increase in ZrO₂ content and heat treatment of the samples, resulted in an increase in bulk crystallization of the samples. The mechanical properties were found to be improved with ZrO₂ addition. The bandgap of the sample was in the range 3.78–4.09 eV.

在本研究中，我们报告了从巴基斯坦哈扎拉分部开伯尔·普赫图赫瓦省获得的，由当地矿物制成的低成本玻璃（钠钙硅酸盐玻璃）的物理和光学特性。加入二氧化锆（1-3％）作为成核剂，以研究其对钠钙硅酸盐玻璃的相，密度，硬度和光学性质的影响。在获得的玻璃陶瓷材料中，主要的结晶相是方石英。已经发现，ZrO ₂含量的增加和样品的热处理导致样品的整体结晶的增加。发现通过添加ZrO ₂可以改善机械性能。样品的带隙在3.78–4.09 eV的范围内。