Abstract Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the “lifecycle” of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.

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植物免疫系统的生命周期

摘要 在整个生命周期中，植物面临着无穷无尽的病原体和害虫。为了成功抵御生物威胁，植物进化出了一个复杂的免疫系统，负责监视、感知和激活防御。植物免疫需要多个信号传递过程，其结果因入侵病原体的生活方式而异。简而言之，这些过程需要宿主感知的激活、众多信号级联的调节和转录组重编程，所有这些在时间和空间尺度上都是高度动态的。同时，单一免疫事件的发展受植物免疫系统发展的影响，植物免疫系统的发展受到包括植物个体发育和宿主微生物群在内的众多过程的共同调控。总共，深入了解这些过程中的每一个都可以更全面地了解控制植物-病原体相互作用的机制。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论植物免疫的“生命周期”：个体防御事件的发展，包括局部和远端过程，以及个体发育调控基因和环境微生物群对整体免疫系统的发展和调节。总的来说，我们将整合最近的发现和理论的输出，以及几个假设模型，以呈现植物免疫的动态画像。以及通过个体发育调节基因和环境微生物群对整体免疫系统的发育和调节。总的来说，我们将整合最近的发现和理论的输出，以及几个假设模型，以呈现植物免疫的动态画像。以及通过个体发育调节基因和环境微生物群对整体免疫系统的发育和调节。总的来说，我们将整合最近的发现和理论的输出，以及几个假设模型，以呈现植物免疫的动态画像。