1. Habitat fragmentation may affect species distributions through, for example, altered resource availability and shifts in species interactions. Fragmentation by roads has had negative impacts on Fennoscandian alpine ecosystems, with reduction of habitats and connectivity for alpine species. Concurrently, infrastructure development causes influx of subsidies through roadkills and litter, which may facilitate expansion of boreal scavenging species, such as the red fox Vulpes vulpes, which may intensify negative interactions with alpine species. Hence, understanding the impact of subsidies within marginal alpine areas is imperative for successful conservation and management of particularly vulnerable alpine species.
2. We used snow tracking and camera traps in three alpine tundra areas in Norway to investigate whether the presence of boreal scavengers was positively associated with highways during winter, and if this contrasted the pattern of a critically endangered alpine species, the Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus. In summer, artificial nests were used to assess whether predation risk was related to proximity to highways.
3. During winter, the occurrence of red foxes was higher close to highways and decreased with increasing distance to highways, while the arctic fox showed no discernible pattern. Red fox occurrence increased with the number of edible items of anthropogenic origin located along highways, whereas arctic fox occurrence decreased.
4. The overall predation risk of artificial nests during summer was high (>31.2%) and increased with proximity to the highway in the area with highest traffic volume.
5. Synthesis and applications. Highways crossing alpine areas may attract boreal scavengers, possibly connected to increased access to subsidies of anthropogenic origin. Litter and food waste dominated available subsidies along highways in our study, and prevailing mitigating measures directed at reducing roadkill and movement restrictions may not be applicable to reduce negative effects of littering. We recommend actions focusing on informational campaigns, improved garbage disposal facilities and routines, and imposing fines for littering, to reduce negative impacts on vulnerable species. This is likely needed to achieve goals of ‘no impact’ from the physical loss of habitats due to road development.

中文翻译：

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与清道夫向芬诺斯坎迪亚的高山苔原扩张相关的高速公路

1. 栖息地碎片化可能通过例如改变的资源可得性和物种相互作用而影响物种分布。道路碎片化对芬诺斯堪的亚高山生态系统产生了负面影响，减少了栖息地和高山物种的连通性。同时，基础设施的发展使通过roadkills和垃圾补贴，这可能有利于北方清除物质，如赤狐扩张潮赤狐，它可以加强与高山物种产生负面作用。因此，要想成功地保护和管理特别脆弱的高山物种，就必须了解高山边缘地区补贴的影响。
2. 我们在挪威的三个高山苔原地区使用了积雪追踪和照相机陷阱，以调查冬季是否存在清除剂与高速公路之间的正相关关系，如果这与极度濒危的高山物种北极狐Vulpes lagopus的模式形成对比。在夏季，人工巢被用来评估掠食风险是否与邻近高速公路有关。
3. 在冬季，赤狐的发生在靠近高速公路的地方较高，并且随着到高速公路的距离的增加而减少，而北极狐则没有明显的规律。沿公路人为起源的可食用食物的数量增加了赤狐的发生，而北极狐的发生则减少了。
4. 夏季，人工筑巢的总体捕食风险较高（> 31.2％），并且在交通量最大的地区，靠近高速公路的危险性也在增加。
5. 综合与应用。穿越高山地区的高速公路可能会吸引北方清道夫，可能与增加人为来源的补贴的途径有关。在我们的研究中，垃圾和食物垃圾占公路可用补贴的主导地位，旨在减少道路交通事故和行动限制的现行缓解措施可能不适用于减少乱抛垃圾的负面影响。我们建议采取行动，重点是开展宣传运动，改善垃圾处理设施和程序，并对乱抛垃圾处以罚款，以减少对脆弱物种的不利影响。这可能是实现因道路发展而造成的栖息地物理损失“无影响”的目标所必需的。