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Species richness and functional diversity of isopod communities vary across an urbanisation gradient, but the direction and strength depend on soil type
Soil Biology and Biochemistry ( IF 9.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107851
A. Ooms , A.T.C. Dias , A.R. van Oosten , J.H.C. Cornelissen , J. Ellers , M.P. Berg

Urbanisation involves major changes in environmental conditions such as light, temperature, humidity and noise levels, but the effect of urbanisation on soil conditions and soil biodiversity has received less attention. The reported effects on species richness across a rural to urban landscapes are not unequivocal. Positive, negative and neutral effects have been found, but what is causing this ambiguity in the relationship between species richness and urbanisation is poorly understood. Here we tested whether and how urbanisation affects isopod diversity and whether this depends on habitat soil type. We recorded isopod species presence and soil type in each 1 km2 grid cell in a 500 km2 area in and around the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We analysed the relationship between the number of species and the most important traits (body size and drought- and inundation resistance), the percentage built-up area, and soil type (peat or clay) across a rural-urban landscape gradient. Because many studies find a negative effect of urbanization on biodiversity, we expected a decrease in isopod species richness by increasing amount of built-up area. We found a negative association between isopod species richness and the amount of built-up area across the rural-urban landscape gradient when rural soils contained clay, while for rural soils containing peat the highest species richness was found at intermediate levels of urbanisation. Hence, the relationship between isopod species richness and the level of urbanisation was mediated by soil type. We also found a significant relationship between percentage built-up area and functional traits, irrespective of soil type. Specifically, the percentage built-up area showed a positive correlation with isopod drought resistance as well as body size. These results together demonstrate (1) that soil type variation introduces an important, but often overlooked context-dependency in the effect of urbanisation on biodiversity and (2) that a functional trait approach is an important tool for understanding general effects of environmental change on biodiversity, irrespective of context-dependency.



中文翻译:

等足动物群落的物种丰富度和功能多样性随城市化梯度的变化而变化,但其方向和强度取决于土壤类型

城市化涉及环境条件的重大变化,例如光线,温度,湿度和噪声水平,但是城市化对土壤条件和土壤生物多样性的影响受到的关注较少。据报道,从乡村到城市景观对物种丰富度的影响并非显而易见。人们已经发现了积极,消极和中立的影响,但是人们对导致物种丰富度与城市化之间关系模糊的原因却知之甚少。在这里,我们测试了城市化是否以及如何影响等足动物多样性,以及这是否取决于栖息地的土壤类型。我们在500 km 2的每个1 km 2网格中记录了等足动物的种类和土壤类型荷兰阿姆斯特丹市及其周围地区。我们分析了城乡景观梯度中物种数量与最重要特征(体型以及抗旱和抗淹性),建筑面积百分比和土壤类型(豌豆或粘土)之间的关系。由于许多研究发现了城市化对生物多样性的负面影响,因此我们期望通过增加建筑面积来减少等足动物物种的丰富度。我们发现,当农村土壤中含有黏土时,等足动物物种丰富度与整个城乡景观梯度的建筑面积之间存在负相关关系,而对于含有泥炭的农村土壤,在城市化的中等水平上发现物种丰富度最高。因此,等脚动物物种丰富度与城市化水平之间的关系是由土壤类型介导的。我们还发现,无论土壤类型如何,建成面积百分比与功能性状之间都存在显着的关系。具体而言,建筑面积百分比与等足动物抗旱性以及体型呈正相关。这些结果共同证明:(1)土壤类型变化在城市化对生物多样性的影响中引入了重要但通常被忽略的上下文相关性;(2)功能性状方法是了解环境变化对生物多样性的一般影响的重要工具,与上下文相关性无关。建筑面积百分比与等足动物抗旱性以及体型呈正相关。这些结果共同证明:(1)土壤类型变化在城市化对生物多样性的影响中引入了重要但通常被忽略的上下文相关性;(2)功能性状方法是了解环境变化对生物多样性的一般影响的重要工具,与上下文相关性无关。建筑面积百分比与等足动物抗旱性以及体型呈正相关。这些结果共同证明:(1)土壤类型变化在城市化对生物多样性的影响中引入了重要但通常被忽略的上下文相关性;(2)功能性状方法是了解环境变化对生物多样性的一般影响的重要工具,与上下文相关性无关。

更新日期:2020-05-18
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