BACKGROUND Cadmium is a well known environmental pollutant and strong toxic heavy metal, that causes oxidative damage to various organs of the body, including the kidney. Cadmium (II) chloride (CdCl2) is a water-soluble crystalline form, which exhibits a higher affinity with chlorides at the target site. The current study examined the protective effects of Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a principal lignan extracted from flaxseeds against CdCl2-induced renal toxicity in rats. METHODS Twenty four healthy male Wistar rats with four groups of six animals each were used in the study. Group-1- Control was administered with saline. Group-2 -was treated with SDG; Group-3 with CdCl2 alone, and Group-4 were treated with CdCl2 plus SDG. The effect of Cd on kidney was assessed in terms of various parameters like lipid peroxidation, production of Nitric oxide (NO) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and kidney function markers like uric acid, urea, and creatinine. The levels of antioxidant molecules like glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were also measured, apart from histopathological studies. RESULTS The animals that received CdCl2, exhibited changes in the concentration of Cd in the kidney. The levels of kidney function markers like uric acid, urea, and creatinine were found to be abnormal in serum, and also there was a drastic decrease in the levels of glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. The treatment of SDG significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the levels of NO and MPO in the animals treated with CdCl2 plus SDG when compared to the animal group treated with CdCl2 alone. The treatment of SDG before CdCl2 injection exhibited significant changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, which was evidenced by the restoration in their activities, when compared to CdCl2 alone treated group (p < 0.05), as observed in the results of histopathology. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present investigation suggested that SDG exhibited anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and renoprotective properties. Thus, SDG may act as a supramolecular binding component and naturally occurring metal chelating agent for metal cations like Cd2+. Therefore, flaxseed lignan-SDG can be used as a therapeutic agent against nephrotoxicity caused by cadmium. However, detailed future studies are needed to know the underlying mechanism of action of SDG against the Cd and other heavy metals induced nephrotoxicity.

中文翻译：

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异皮香豆素二酚二葡萄糖苷可防止镉诱导的大鼠氧化应激介导的肾脏毒性。

背景技术镉是众所周知的环境污染物和强毒性重金属，其对包括肾脏在内的身体各器官造成氧化损伤。氯化镉（II）（CdCl2）是一种水溶性结晶形式，在目标部位与氯化物具有更高的亲和力。目前的研究检查了山核桃异豆香脂素二葡萄糖苷（SDG）的保护作用，后者是从亚麻籽中提取的主要木脂素对CdCl2诱导的大鼠肾脏毒性的保护作用。方法采用二十四只健康的雄性Wistar大鼠，每组四只，每组六只动物。第1组对照组用生理盐水给药。第2组-已接受SDG待遇；第3组仅使用CdCl2，第4组用CdCl2加SDG处理。镉对肾脏的影响通过各种参数进行评估，例如脂质过氧化，一氧化氮（NO）和髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的产生，以及肾功能标记物，如尿酸，尿素和肌酐。除组织病理学研究外，还测量了抗氧化剂分子的水平，如谷胱甘肽含量以及超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性。结果接受CdCl2的动物肾脏中Cd的浓度发生了变化。血清中的尿酸，尿素和肌酐等肾功能标志物水平异常，并且谷胱甘肽含量水平以及超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性急剧下降。 。SDG的治疗显着降低（p <0。05）与仅用CdCl2处理的动物组相比，用CdCl2加SDG处理的动物中NO和MPO的水平。与组织病理学结果相比，与单独使用CdCl2的治疗组相比，注射CdCl2之前的SDG处理显示出抗氧化酶活性的显着变化，这可以通过其活性的恢复得到证明（p <0.05）。结论本研究的结果表明SDG具有抗氧化，抗凋亡和保护肾脏的特性。因此，SDG可以充当超分子结合组分和天然存在的金属阳离子（如Cd2 +）的金属螯合剂。因此，亚麻籽木脂素-SDG可用作抗镉引起的肾毒性的治疗剂。然而，