In this paper, we aim to increase the understanding of human–robot interaction by considering the goal orientation displayed by the robot (i.e., competitive vs. cooperative) and the role displayed by each player (partner vs. opponent) in an entertainment group scenario. Sixty participants engaged in a card game called Sueca (two robots and two humans). Each participant played with each of the other players, and the goal orientation was manipulated by the set of verbal utterances displayed by the robot. Using a coding scheme based on Bales Interaction Process Analysis, the video-recorded interactions were analysed in terms of socioemotional positive, negative and task oriented behaviours. A marginal multilevel modelling analysis yielded significant interactions between the robotic addressee and the role the robot displayed in the socioemotional and task-oriented behaviours. Overall, our main results demonstrated the following: (1) Participants directed more behaviours towards partners than opponents, although most of these behaviours occurred between humans when they were partners. (2) When comparing players in the role of opponents, participants directed more socioemotional behaviours towards robots than towards the other human player. (3) No difference in task-oriented behaviours was observed among any of the players in this condition. These results suggest the occurrence of different behavioural patterns in competitive and collaborative interactions with robots that might be useful to inform the future development of more socially effective robots.

中文翻译：

---

超越协作：人机交互中的社会情感积极，消极和任务导向行为

在本文中，我们旨在通过考虑机器人显示的目标方向（即竞争与合作）以及每个人在娱乐小组场景中显示的角色（伙伴与对手）来增进对人机交互的理解。 。60名参与者参与了名为Sueca的纸牌游戏（两个机器人和两个人）。每个参与者都与其他每个参与者一起玩，并且通过机器人显示的一组口头话语来操纵目标方向。使用基于Bales交互过程分析的编码方案，根据社会情感的积极，消极和任务导向行为对视频记录的交互进行了分析。边际多层次建模分析在机器人收件人和机器人在社会情感和任务导向行为中显示的角色之间产生了重要的交互作用。总体而言，我们的主要结果表明以下几点：（1）与参与者相比，参与者对伙伴的行为更多于对手，尽管其中大多数行为发生在伙伴之间的人与人之间。（2）在比较玩家在对手角色中的作用时，与其他人类玩家相比，参与者对机器人的社交情感行为更多。（3）在这种情况下，任何参与者之间的任务导向行为都没有差异。