Abstract The bowerbirds in New Guinea and Australia include species that build the largest and perhaps most elaborately decorated constructions outside of humans. The males use these courtship bowers, along with their displays, to attract females. In these species, the mating system is polygynous and the females alone incubate and feed the nestlings. The bowerbirds also include 10 species of the socially monogamous catbirds in which the male participates in most aspects of raising the young. How the bower-building behavior evolved has remained poorly understood, as no comprehensive phylogeny exists for the family. It has been assumed that the monogamous catbird clade is sister to all polygynous species. We here test this hypothesis using a newly developed pipeline for obtaining homologous alignments of thousands of exonic and intronic regions from genomic data to build a phylogeny. Our well-supported species tree shows that the polygynous, bower-building species are not monophyletic. The result suggests either that bower-building behavior is an ancestral condition in the family that was secondarily lost in the catbirds, or that it has arisen in parallel in two lineages of bowerbirds. We favor the latter hypothesis based on an ancestral character reconstruction showing that polygyny but not bower-building is ancestral in bowerbirds, and on the observation that Scenopoeetes dentirostris, the sister species to one of the bower-building clades, does not build a proper bower but constructs a court for male display. This species is also sexually monomorphic in plumage despite having a polygynous mating system. We argue that the relatively stable tropical and subtropical forest environment in combination with low predator pressure and rich food access (mostly fruit) facilitated the evolution of these unique life-history traits. [Adaptive radiation; bowerbirds; mating system, sexual selection; whole genome sequencing.]

中文翻译：

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系统基因组学建议的两组园丁鸟的凉亭建造行为的平行进化

摘要 新几内亚和澳大利亚的园丁鸟包括在人类之外建造最大、也许是最精心装饰的建筑的物种。雄性使用这些求爱凉亭及其展示来吸引雌性。在这些物种中，交配系统是一夫多妻的，雌性独自孵化和喂养雏鸟。园丁鸟还包括 10 种社会一夫一妻制的猫鸟，其中雄性参与抚养幼鸟的大部分工作。凉亭建筑行为如何演变仍然知之甚少，因为该家庭不存在全面的系统发育。人们假设一夫一妻制的猫鸟进化枝是所有一夫多妻物种的姐妹。我们在这里使用新开发的管道来测试这一假设，该管道从基因组数据中获得数千个外显子和内含子区域的同源比对，以构建系统发育。我们得到充分支持的物种树表明，一夫多妻的凉亭建筑物种不是单系的。结果表明，凉亭建筑行为是家族中的一种祖先状况，继而在猫鸟中消失，或者它在园景鸟的两个世系中同时出现。我们支持基于祖先特征重建的后一种假设，该假设表明一夫多妻而非凉亭建筑是园丁鸟的祖先，并且观察到 Scenopoeetes dentirostris（其中一个凉亭建筑进化枝的姊妹物种）没有建造适当的凉亭但建造了一个供男性展示的法庭。尽管具有一夫多妻的交配系统，但该物种的羽毛在性别上也是单形的。我们认为，相对稳定的热带和亚热带森林环境、低捕食者压力和丰富的食物获取（主要是水果）促进了这些独特的生活史特征的进化。[适应性辐射；园丁鸟；交配系统，性选择；全基因组测序。]