Since the discovery and subsequent use of penicillin, antibiotics have been used to treat most bacterial infections in the U.S. Over time, the repeated prescription of many antibiotics has given rise to many antibiotic-resistant microbes. A bacterial strain becomes resistant by horizontal gene transfer, where surviving microbes acquire genetic material or DNA fragments from adjacent bacteria that encode for resistance. In order to avoid significant bacterial resistance, novel and target therapeutics are needed. Further advancement of diagnostic technologies could be used to develop novel treatment strategies. The use of biosensors to detect quorum-sensing signaling molecules has the potential to provide timely diagnostic information toward mitigating the multidrug-resistant bacteria epidemic. Resistance and pathogenesis are controlled by quorum-sensing (QS) circuits. QS systems secrete or passively release signaling molecules when the bacterial concentration reaches a certain threshold. Signaling molecules give an early indication of virulence. Detection of these compounds in vitro or in vivo can be used to identify the onset of infection. Whole-cell and cell-free biosensors have been developed to detect quorum-sensing signaling molecules. This review will give an overview of quorum networks in the most common pathogens found in chronic and acute infections. Additionally, the current state of research surrounding the detection of quorum-sensing molecules will be reviewed. Followed by a discussion of future works toward the advancement of technologies to quantify quorum signaling molecules in chronic and acute infections.

中文翻译：

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使用基于细胞和无细胞的生物传感器检测致病分子的法定感应分子。

自从发现和随后使用青霉素以来，在美国，抗生素已被用于治疗大多数细菌感染。随着时间的推移，许多抗生素的重复处方引起了许多对抗生素耐药的微生物的出现。细菌菌株通过水平基因转移而具有抗药性，存活的微生物从附近的细菌中获取编码抗药性的相邻细菌的遗传物质或DNA片段。为了避免明显的细菌抗性，需要新颖的和靶向的治疗剂。诊断技术的进一步发展可用于开发新的治疗策略。使用生物传感器检测群体感应信号分子有潜力提供及时的诊断信息，以减轻耐多药细菌的流行。耐药性和发病机制由群体感应（QS）电路控制。当细菌浓度达到一定阈值时，QS系统会分泌或被动释放信号分子。信号分子可以早期显示出毒力。在体外或体内对这些化合物的检测可用于鉴定感染的发作。已开发出全细胞和无细胞生物传感器来检测群体感应信号分子。这篇综述将概述在慢性和急性感染中发现的最常见病原体的群体网络。此外，将审查有关群体感应分子检测的研究现状。接下来是对未来工作的讨论，这些工作是对量化慢性和急性感染中群体信号分子的技术发展的关注。