A negative correlation exists between environmental temperature and cancer risk based on both epidemiological and statistical analyses. Previously, cold stress was reported to be an effective cause of tumorigenesis. Several studies have demonstrated that cold temperature serves as a potential risk factor in cancer development. Most recently, a link was demonstrated between the effects of extreme cold climate on cancer incidence, pinpointing its impact on tumour suppressor genes by causing mutation. The underlying mechanism behind cold stress and its association with tumorigenesis is not well understood. Hence, this review intends to shed light on the role of associated factors, genetic and/or non-genetic, which are modulated by cold temperature, and eventually influence tumorigenic potential. While scrutinizing the effect of cold exposure on the body, the expression of certain genes, e.g. uncoupled proteins and heat-shock proteins, were elevated. Biological chemicals such as norepinephrine, thyroxine, and cholesterol were also elevated. Brown adipose tissue, which plays an essential role in thermogenesis, displayed enhanced activity upon cold exposure. Adaptive measures are utilized by the body to tolerate the cold, and in doing so, invites both epigenetic and genetic changes. Unknowingly, these adaptive strategies give rise to a lethal outcome i.e., genesis of cancer. Concisely, this review attempts to draw a link between cold stress, genetic and epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis and aspires to ascertain the mechanism behind cold temperature-mediated cancer risk.

中文翻译：

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冷酷无情：癌症风险中的冷应激案例

根据流行病学和统计分析，环境温度与癌症风险之间存在负相关。以前，据报道冷应激是肿瘤发生的有效原因。多项研究表明，低温是癌症发展的潜在风险因素。最近，证明了极端寒冷气候对癌症发病率的影响之间存在联系，通过引起突变确定了其对肿瘤抑制基因的影响。冷应激背后的潜在机制及其与肿瘤发生的关联尚不清楚。因此，本综述旨在阐明相关因素（遗传和/或非遗传因素）的作用，这些因素受低温调节并最终影响致瘤潜力。在仔细研究冷暴露对身体的影响时，某些基因的表达，例如非偶联蛋白和热休克蛋白，都升高了。去甲肾上腺素、甲状腺素和胆固醇等生物化学物质也升高。在产热中起重要作用的棕色脂肪组织在冷暴露时表现出增强的活性。身体利用适应性措施来忍受寒冷，这样做会引起表观遗传和遗传变化。不知不觉中，这些适应性策略会导致致命的结果，即癌症的发生。简而言之，本综述试图在冷应激、遗传和表观遗传变化与肿瘤发生之间建立联系，并渴望确定低温介导的癌症风险背后的机制。未偶联蛋白和热休克蛋白升高。去甲肾上腺素、甲状腺素和胆固醇等生物化学物质也升高。在产热中起重要作用的棕色脂肪组织在冷暴露时表现出增强的活性。身体利用适应性措施来忍受寒冷，这样做会引起表观遗传和遗传变化。不知不觉中，这些适应性策略会导致致命的结果，即癌症的发生。简而言之，本综述试图在冷应激、遗传和表观遗传变化与肿瘤发生之间建立联系，并渴望确定低温介导的癌症风险背后的机制。未偶联蛋白和热休克蛋白升高。去甲肾上腺素、甲状腺素和胆固醇等生物化学物质也升高。在产热中起重要作用的棕色脂肪组织在冷暴露时表现出增强的活性。身体利用适应性措施来忍受寒冷，这样做会引起表观遗传和遗传变化。不知不觉中，这些适应性策略会导致致命的结果，即癌症的发生。简而言之，本综述试图在冷应激、遗传和表观遗传变化与肿瘤发生之间建立联系，并渴望确定低温介导的癌症风险背后的机制。它在产热中起重要作用，在冷暴露时表现出增强的活性。身体利用适应性措施来忍受寒冷，这样做会引起表观遗传和遗传变化。不知不觉中，这些适应性策略会导致致命的结果，即癌症的发生。简而言之，本综述试图在冷应激、遗传和表观遗传变化与肿瘤发生之间建立联系，并渴望确定低温介导的癌症风险背后的机制。它在产热中起重要作用，在冷暴露时显示出增强的活性。身体利用适应性措施来忍受寒冷，这样做会引起表观遗传和遗传变化。不知不觉中，这些适应性策略会导致致命的结果，即癌症的发生。简而言之，本综述试图在冷应激、遗传和表观遗传变化与肿瘤发生之间建立联系，并渴望确定低温介导的癌症风险背后的机制。