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A novel behavioural approach to assess responsiveness to auditory and visual stimuli before cognitive testing in family dogs
Applied Animal Behaviour Science ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105016
Zsófia Bognár , Patrizia Piotti , Dóra Szabó , Louis Le Nézet , Enikő Kubinyi

Abstract Visual and auditory impairments can have a large impact on performance in cognitive tests. It is important to evaluate the sensory capacities of dogs before enrolling them in cognitive tests, in order to exclude sensory impairment as confounding effect. Therefore we designed multiple non-invasive testing paradigms to detect subjects with potential auditory and visual impairment, without requiring extensive training for the dog. Multiple testing was a means to add internal reliability, and to reduce the risk of false positives due to habituation and previous learning or false negatives due to random errors. Our sensory test battery consisted of four subtests: (1) ‘Clapping’ auditory test, (2) ‘Recorded sound’ auditory test, (3) ‘Distance’ visual test, and (4) ‘Darkness’ visual test. The 'Clapping test' was similar to the clapping test used by veterinarians, with the addition that the clapping was performed at various distances from the dog. In the ‘Recorded sound test’, the dogs' reaction to various sounds played back at different volumes. In the ‘Distance test’ we placed a small piece of food on one of four plates placed on the grounds at varying distances from the dogs. In the 'Darkness test’, we measured the dogs' performance in walking through an S-shaped route during artificial dusk and daylight-like conditions. We were able to design two standardised tests measuring dogs’ responsiveness to visual stimuli and its variance based on a) the distance of stimuli from the dog, and b) the lighting conditions in the room. The performance in our tests requires two elements of the visual function, namely visual acuity and vision in dusk. These tests should be considered for further validation, in order to evaluate their usefulness as screening tools for the decline in dogs’ visual function. In our behaviour tests measuring the response to auditory stimuli, we found that dogs reacted similarly to different sounds. However, older dogs reacted less frequently to sounds with lower decibel, suggesting that older dogs become less reactive to auditory stimuli. The tests we developed are useful to identify subjects who do show a behavioural reaction to the stimuli typically used in cognitive tests (rewards, small objects, barriers, etc.) under various levels of artificial light. It is possible to identify the dogs’ baseline level of reactivity to visual/auditory stimuli before these are used in cognitive tests.

中文翻译:

一种新的行为方法,用于评估家犬认知测试前对听觉和视觉刺激的反应

摘要 视觉和听觉障碍会对认知测试的表现产生很大影响。重要的是在让狗参加认知测试之前评估它们的感觉能力,以排除感觉障碍作为混杂效应。因此,我们设计了多种非侵入性测试范式来检测具有潜在听觉和视觉障碍的受试者,而无需对狗进行大量训练。多重测试是一种增加内部可靠性的方法,并减少由于习惯和先前学习导致的误报风险或由于随机错误导致的误报风险。我们的感官测试由四个子测试组成:(1)“拍手”听觉测试,(2)“录音”听觉测试,(3)“距离”视觉测试,以及(4)“黑暗”视觉测试。“拍手测试” 与兽医使用的拍手测试类似,另外,拍手是在距离狗的不同距离处进行的。在“录制的声音测试”中,狗对以不同音量播放的各种声音的反应。在“距离测试”中,我们将一小块食物放在与狗不同距离的地面上的四个盘子中的一个盘子上。在“黑暗测试”中,我们测量了狗在人工黄昏和类似日光的条件下穿过 S 形路线的表现。我们能够设计两个标准化测试,测量狗对视觉刺激的反应及其方差,基于 a) 刺激与狗的距离,以及 b) 房间内的照明条件。我们测试中的表现需要视觉功能的两个要素,即视力和黄昏视力。应考虑对这些测试进行进一步验证,以评估其作为犬视觉功能下降筛查工具的有用性。在我们测量对听觉刺激反应的行为测试中,我们发现狗对不同声音的反应相似。然而,老年犬对较低分贝的声音的反应较少,这表明老年犬对听觉刺激的反应较少。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同级别的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。为了评估它们作为狗视觉功能下降的筛查工具的有用性。在我们测量对听觉刺激反应的行为测试中,我们发现狗对不同声音的反应相似。然而,老年犬对较低分贝的声音的反应较少,这表明老年犬对听觉刺激的反应较少。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同级别的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。为了评估它们作为狗视觉功能下降的筛查工具的有用性。在我们测量对听觉刺激反应的行为测试中,我们发现狗对不同声音的反应相似。然而,老年犬对较低分贝的声音的反应较少,这表明老年犬对听觉刺激的反应较少。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同级别的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。在我们测量对听觉刺激反应的行为测试中,我们发现狗对不同声音的反应相似。然而,老年犬对较低分贝的声音的反应较少,这表明老年犬对听觉刺激的反应较少。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同水平的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。在我们测量对听觉刺激反应的行为测试中,我们发现狗对不同声音的反应相似。然而,老年犬对较低分贝的声音的反应较少,这表明老年犬对听觉刺激的反应较少。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同级别的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同水平的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。我们开发的测试可用于识别在不同水平的人造光下确实对认知测试中通常使用的刺激(奖励、小物体、障碍等)表现出行为反应的受试者。在将这些用于认知测试之前,可以确定狗对视觉/听觉刺激的基线反应水平。
更新日期:2020-07-01
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