The successful colonization of an aphid requires intimate/compatible association which is achieved in the susceptible host plant. During development of intimate association with the susceptible host plant, aphid explores ‘effector’ molecules enriched in saliva that translocate into the host cell to modulate host cell’s function (physiology) as well as structure for assuring the nutrient availability. ‘Effectors’ are saliva proteins and/or small molecules having ability to manipulate the host cell’s structure as well as function. These molecules are originated from an aphid saliva gland and move through the aphid stylet during interaction with the host plant. The compatibility between aphid and its susceptible host plant depends on successful effector molecules exchange for better access of nutrient from the host plant. The compatible interaction which is also known as intimate association promotes aphid’s growth and multiplication due to well access of host’s phloem sap. In resistant host plant, aphid saliva enriched with effector molecules are recognized by the host plant defense machinery resulting in inducing effective plant defense response that negatively impacts on aphid’s survival, growth, and multiplication. The interaction of saliva secreted effector molecules with the host defense machinery results in two extreme reactions—susceptible and resistance types. Genetic mutant study reveals that the salivary secreted effector molecules are required for sustained contact with the host plant and play pivotal role in establishing compatibility with the susceptible host plant. Recent findings are also quite indicative that the silencing of salivary effector gene in aphid reduces the sustained contact with the susceptible host plant resulting in reduced survival and multiplication in aphid. This knowledge of salivary gland secreted effector genes could be potentially explored in aphid control in agricultural as well as horticultural crops as a novel strategy for next generation aphid control to bypass the heavy use of insecticide which causes imbalance in ecology.

中文翻译：

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蚜虫唾液：调节宿主对蚜虫克隆繁殖的抗性的有效配方

蚜虫的成功定殖需要紧密/相容的结合，这在易感宿主植物中实现。在与易感宿主植物密切联系的发展过程中，蚜虫探索了富含唾液的“效应子”分子，这些分子易位到宿主细胞中，以调节宿主细胞的功能（生理）和结构，以确保养分的有效性。“效应物”是唾液蛋白和/或具有操纵宿主细胞的结构和功能的能力的小分子。这些分子源自蚜虫唾液腺，并在与宿主植物相互作用的过程中穿过蚜虫探针。蚜虫与其易感宿主植物之间的相容性取决于成功的效应子分子交换，以便更好地从宿主植物中获取营养。由于宿主的韧皮部汁液易于进入，这种相容的相互作用也被称为亲密结合，促进了蚜虫的生长和繁殖。在抗性寄主植物中，富含效应子分子的蚜虫唾液被寄主植物防御机制识别，从而导致诱导有效的植物防御反应，从而对蚜虫的存活，生长和繁殖产生负面影响。唾液分泌的效应子分子与宿主防御机制的相互作用导致两个极端反应：易感性和耐药性。遗传突变研究表明，唾液分泌的效应子分子是与宿主植物持续接触所必需的，并且在建立与易感宿主植物的相容性中起关键作用。最近的发现也充分表明，蚜虫中唾液效应基因的沉默降低了与易感宿主植物的持续接触，导致蚜虫的存活率降低和繁殖。唾液腺分泌的效应基因的这种知识可能会在农业和园艺作物的蚜虫控制中得到探索，作为下一代蚜虫控制绕过大量使用杀虫剂的新策略，这会导致生态失衡。