Genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, with standing genetic variation especially important for short-term evolution and local adaptation. To date, studies of spatio-temporal patterns of genetic variation in natural populations have been challenging, as comprehensive sampling is logistically difficult, and sequencing of entire populations costly. Here, we address these issues using a collaborative approach, sequencing 48 pooled population samples from 32 locations, and perform the first continent-wide genomic analysis of genetic variation in European Drosophila melanogaster. Our analyses uncover longitudinal population structure, provide evidence for continent-wide selective sweeps, identify candidate genes for local climate adaptation, and document clines in chromosomal inversion and transposable element frequencies. We also characterise variation among populations in the composition of the fly microbiome, and identify five new DNA viruses in our samples.

中文翻译：

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欧洲果蝇种群的基因组分析揭示了纵向结构，大范围选择和以前未知的DNA病毒。

遗传变异是进化的动力，而常设遗传变异对于短期进化和局部适应尤为重要。迄今为止，由于在逻辑上难以进行全面采样，并且对整个种群进行测序非常昂贵，因此对自然种群中遗传变异的时空格局进行研究一直具有挑战性。在这里，我们使用协作方法解决了这些问题，对32个地点的48个合并种群样本进行了测序，并对欧洲果蝇的遗传变异进行了第一个大洲范围的基因组分析。我们的分析揭示了纵向种群结构，为整个大陆的选择性扫描提供了证据，确定了适合当地气候的候选基因，并记录了染色体倒置和转座因子频率中的谱系。