The vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are essential, ATP-dependent proton pumps present in a variety of eukaryotic cellular membranes. Intracellularly, V-ATPase-dependent acidification functions in such processes as membrane traffic, protein degradation, autophagy and the coupled transport of small molecules. V-ATPases at the plasma membrane of certain specialized cells function in such processes as bone resorption, sperm maturation and urinary acidification. V-ATPases also function in disease processes such as pathogen entry and cancer cell invasiveness, while defects in V-ATPase genes are associated with disorders such as osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of V-ATPase structure, mechanism, function and regulation, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways controlling V-ATPase assembly in mammalian cells. The role of V-ATPases in cancer and other human pathologies, and the prospects for therapeutic intervention, are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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V-ATPases 在生理和疾病中的调节和功能。

液泡 H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) 是各种真核细胞膜中必不可少的、依赖于 ATP 的质子泵。在细胞内，依赖于 V-ATPase 的酸化在诸如膜运输、蛋白质降解、自噬和小分子的耦合运输等过程中起作用。某些特化细胞质膜上的 V-ATP 酶在骨吸收、精子成熟和尿酸化等过程中起作用。V-ATPase 还在病原体进入和癌细胞侵袭等疾病过程中起作用，而 V-ATPase 基因的缺陷与骨硬化、肾小管酸中毒和神经退行性疾病等疾病有关。这篇综述强调了我们对 V-ATPase 结构、机制、功能和调节的理解的最新进展，重点是控制哺乳动物细胞中 V-ATPase 组装的信号通路。还讨论了 V-ATPases 在癌症和其他人类病理中的作用，以及治疗干预的前景。