Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could lead to intestinal inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is mucosal barrier dysfunction coupled with immune dysregulation and dysbiosis. The discovery of exosomes as regulators of vital functions in both physiological and pathological processes has generated much research interest. Interestingly, exosomes not only serve as natural nanocarriers for the delivery of functional RNAs, proteins, and synthetic drugs or molecules, but also show potential for clinical applications in tissue repair and regeneration as well as disease diagnosis and prognosis. Biological or chemical modification of exosomes can broaden, change and enhance their therapeutic capability. We review the modulatory effects of exosomal proteins, RNAs and lipids on IBD components such as immune cells, the gut microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Mechanisms involved in regulating these factors towards attenuating IBD have been explored in several studies employing exosomes derived from different sources. We discuss the potential utility of exosomes as diagnostic markers and drug delivery systems, as well as the application of modified exosomes in IBD.

中文翻译：

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外泌体介导在炎症性肠病中的作用及应用

肠道粘膜屏障，包括化学和物理屏障，在空间上将肠道微生物群与宿主免疫系统分开，以防止可能导致肠道炎症的不必要的免疫反应。在炎症性肠病 (IBD) 中，存在黏膜屏障功能障碍以及免疫失调和生态失调。外泌体作为生理和病理过程中重要功能的调节剂的发现引起了很多研究兴趣。有趣的是，外泌体不仅可以作为天然纳米载体用于传递功能性 RNA、蛋白质和合成药物或分子，而且在组织修复和再生以及疾病诊断和预后方面的临床应用方面也显示出潜力。外泌体的生物或化学修饰可以扩大，改变和提高他们的治疗能力。我们回顾了外泌体蛋白、RNA 和脂质对 IBD 成分（如免疫细胞、肠道微生物群和肠粘膜屏障）的调节作用。在使用来自不同来源的外泌体的几项研究中，已经探索了调节这些因素以减轻 IBD 的机制。我们讨论了外泌体作为诊断标志物和药物递送系统的潜在效用，以及修饰的外泌体在 IBD 中的应用。