Abstract Sheep were domesticated around 9000 BC in the Middle East, and since then milk from sheep gradually became very popular, not only for drinking but also for making cheeses and other dairy products. Nowadays, these dairy products are also important for people with an allergy to cow milk, and these products are an essential part of the local daily diet in regions of the world that are not suitable for cows and goats. Consumption of raw milk and raw milk products has a zoonotic risk, and with regard to sheep, the main pathogens associated with such dairy products are: Brucella melitensis, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, tick borne encephalitis virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Especially, young children, elderly people, pregnant women and immunocompromised (YOPI) persons, and those suffering from disease should be aware of the risk of consuming raw milk and raw milk products. This latter risk can be reduced by proper flock health management, prevention of contamination during milking, adequate milk processing, transport, and refrigerated storage. Only processes equaling pasteurization sufficiently reduce zoonotic risks from milk and milk products, but proper cooling is essential and recontamination must be prevented. Therefore, strict hygiene practices throughout the production process and supply chain especially for raw milk and raw dairy products, should be applied. Small scale production systems pose a greater risk compared to industrialized production systems because of a less protocolized and controlled production process. This manuscript describes zoonotic risks of pathogens from sheep and their milk borne transmission. Additionally, routes of contamination, possibilities for multiplication, and prevention measures thereof are described. We summarize some major human outbreaks caused by consumption of sheep milk and products made thereof, and finally discuss their implications.

中文翻译：

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绵羊病原体及其乳源性传播的人畜共患风险

摘要 羊于公元前 9000 年左右在中东被驯化，从那时起，羊奶逐渐变得非常流行，不仅用于饮用，还用于制作奶酪和其他乳制品。如今，这些乳制品对于对牛奶过敏的人也很重要，并且这些产品是世界上不适合牛和山羊的地区当地日常饮食的重要组成部分。食用生奶和生奶制品存在人畜共患风险，对于羊来说，与此类乳制品相关的主要病原体有：羊布鲁氏菌、弯曲杆菌、李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、产志贺毒素大肠杆菌。 、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜱传脑炎病毒和弓形虫。特别是幼儿、老年人、孕妇和免疫功能低下者以及患有疾病的人应意识到食用生奶和生奶制品的风险。后一种风险可以通过适当的鸡群健康管理、挤奶过程中的污染预防、适当的牛奶加工、运输和冷藏来降低。只有相当于巴氏灭菌的工艺才能充分降低牛奶和奶制品的人畜共患风险，但适当的冷却至关重要，并且必须防止再次污染。因此，在整个生产过程和供应链中，尤其是原奶和原乳制品，应采取严格的卫生措施。与工业化生产系统相比，小规模生产系统的风险更大，因为生产过程的协议化和控制程度较低。这份手稿描述了绵羊病原体的人畜共患病风险及其乳源性传播。此外，还描述了污染途径、繁殖可能性及其预防措施。我们总结了一些因食用羊奶及其制品而引起的重大人类疫情，并最后讨论了其影响。