Increased survival of infants born preterm, especially those born extremely preterm (<28 weeks’ gestation), has meant that more are reaching later childhood and adulthood. As preterm birth is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental deficits, the aim of this review was to determine whether or not the advances in perinatal care that led to improved survival have also had a positive impact on long-term neurodevelopment. Studies examining temporal changes in neurodevelopment are limited, and only from high-income countries. However, based on available published data, there is no definite trend of improved neurodevelopment at school age for neurosensory, cognitive, academic achievement, motor or executive function with time. Cerebral palsy rates, however, may be decreasing. More research is needed into the potential contributors for the trends observed, and also for other outcomes such as mental health and behavior.

早产儿，尤其是极端早产（妊娠<28周）的婴儿存活率的提高，意味着更多的婴儿将进入晚年的童年和成年期。由于早产与较高的神经发育缺陷风险相关，因此本综述的目的是确定围产期护理的进展是否可以改善生存率，这些进展是否也对长期神经发育产生了积极影响。研究神经发育的时间变化的研究非常有限，并且仅来自高收入国家。但是，根据可用的公开数据，在学龄期，神经感觉，认知，学业成就，运动或执行功能的改善并没有明显的神经发育趋势。然而，脑瘫发病率可能正在下降。