Abstract Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that may be produced by convective clouds and storms, and can produce substantial property damage, injuries, and deaths. To mitigate these losses and encourage accurate modeling and research in the field of civil engineering, with the goal of improving civil structure design, a comprehensive review of field measurements, lab simulations, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of tornadoes is conducted. From this review, several tornadoes are examined and their characteristics presented. Specifically, characteristics of these tornadoes are provided in the following form: velocity of the wind field, pressure distribution associated with the wind field, tornado core radius, and flow structure (i.e., single vortex versus multiple vortices; for single vortex, one-celled versus two-celled). In addition, the driving forces behind tornadoes and the relationships between damage and reported intensity are examined, and the physical and numerical simulation of tornadoes conducted in civil engineering are reviewed. This paper is intended to provide a baseline review so that more accurate simulations of tornadic wind fields in civil engineering research can be made by providing some field-measured data from the meteorology community. This will benefit individual safety, community resilience and awareness, and simulation accuracy for future research.

中文翻译：

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通过观测和模拟对龙卷风风场特征的回顾

摘要 龙卷风是由对流云和风暴产生的剧烈旋转的气柱，可造成重大财产损失、伤害和死亡。为了减轻这些损失并鼓励土木工程领域的准确建模和研究，以改进土木结构设计为目标，对龙卷风的现场测量、实验室模拟和计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟进行了全面审查。从这次审查中，我们检查了几种龙卷风并介绍了它们的特征。具体而言，这些龙卷风的特征以下列形式提供：风场的速度、与风场相关的压力分布、龙卷风核心半径和流动结构（即，单个涡旋与多个涡旋；对于单个涡旋，单细胞与双细胞）。此外，还检查了龙卷风背后的驱动力以及损坏与报告强度之间的关系，并审查了土木工程中龙卷风的物理和数值模拟。本文旨在提供基线审查，以便通过提供来自气象界的一些现场测量数据，可以更准确地模拟土木工程研究中的龙卷风风场。这将有利于个人安全、社区恢复力和意识以及未来研究的模拟准确性。本文旨在提供基线审查，以便通过提供来自气象界的一些现场测量数据，可以更准确地模拟土木工程研究中的龙卷风风场。这将有利于个人安全、社区恢复力和意识以及未来研究的模拟准确性。本文旨在提供基线审查，以便通过提供来自气象界的一些现场测量数据，可以更准确地模拟土木工程研究中的龙卷风风场。这将有利于个人安全、社区恢复力和意识以及未来研究的模拟准确性。