Abstract In this paper, we examine how cities are working with nature-based solutions for biodiversity. Drawing on a sample of 199 nature-based solutions across Europe, we identify how cities work with nature-based solutions to conserve nature, restore nature, and to find ways to thrive through harnessing nature’s contribution to people. Our findings show that cities are making explicit contributions to biodiversity through nature-based solutions, and often adopt specific and quantifiable targets to guide their actions. Yet there is significant variation in the ways in which biodiversity goals and interventions are being pursued. Where biodiversity goals and actions are included in nature-based solutions, they are mainly ecosystem-based - focusing on the protection, restoration or enhancement of the integrity, functionality, and connectivity of habitats and ecosystems - with fewer focused on specific species, and very few projects concerned with genetic diversity. Although it is often assumed that urban action towards biodiversity goals will be undertaken through local planning processes, our analysis shows that European cities are taking project-based actions for biodiversity through a set of explicit, quantitative and measurable targets, which are tailored to the specific conditions of urban settings. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that if cities are to achieve ambitious goals for biodiversity over the next decade, new international frameworks being developed for the post-2020 period should include targets that acknowledge the way in which biodiversity is governed in cities and the contribution that cities make to conserve, restore and thrive with nature to guide urban action.

中文翻译：

---

基于自然的城市生物多样性治理解决方案

摘要 在本文中，我们研究了城市如何使用基于自然的生物多样性解决方案。借鉴欧洲 199 个基于自然的解决方案的样本，我们确定了城市如何使用基于自然的解决方案来保护自然、恢复自然，并找到通过利用自然对人类的贡献来繁荣发展的方法。我们的研究结果表明，城市正在通过基于自然的解决方案为生物多样性做出明确贡献，并且经常采用具体和可量化的目标来指导他们的行动。然而，生物多样性目标和干预措施的实现方式存在显着差异。如果生物多样性目标和行动包含在基于自然的解决方案中，则它们主要基于生态系统——侧重于保护、恢复或增强完整性、功能性、生境和生态系统的连通性——较少关注特定物种，很少有项目涉及遗传多样性。尽管人们通常认为实现生物多样性目标的城市行动将通过地方规划过程进行，但我们的分析表明，欧洲城市正在通过一套明确的、定量的和可衡量的目标为生物多样性采取基于项目的行动，这些目标是针对特定的具体情况量身定制的。城市环境条件。基于这些发现，我们建议，如果城市要在未来十年实现生物多样性的宏伟目标，为 2020 年后时期制定的新国际框架应包括承认城市生物多样性管理方式的目标，以及城市为保护做出的贡献，