The scientific literature contains many studies of trade-offs or synergies between ecosystem services (ES); however, it is challenging to qualify and compare these studies. To address this issue, we developed a structured generic methodological classification (typology) of studies that focuses on relationships between ES. The method focuses on characteristics of the spatial and temporal analyses performed and whether drivers of relationships between ES were considered. We used the typology to characterize 103 peer-reviewed articles from 1998 to 2017 identified from a search of the ISI Web of Science. Our results show that most of the studies (74%) focused on quantifying and analyzing ES relationships using a snapshot approach. Spatio-temporal analysis of ES relationships (6% of the studies) remains a major scientific challenge in research. While most studies analyzed drivers of relationships, they focused mainly on coarse indicators of land use and cover (change) and climate change (e.g. temperature and precipitation), and 70% of the studies analyzed relationships between 3 and 6 ES. This review highlights two key research issues: (i) going beyond analysis of coarse drivers by using indicators of land use and (ii) developing spatio-temporal analysis of ES relationships based on field methods to follow-up ES indicators over time or simulation models.

科学文献包含许多关于生态系统服务之间的权衡或协同作用的研究；但是，要鉴定和比较这些研究具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种结构化的通用方法学分类（类型学）研究，重点放在ES之间的关系上。该方法侧重于执行的时空分析的特征以及是否考虑了ES之间关系的驱动因素。我们使用这种类型学来表征1998年至2017年间103篇经ISI Web of Science搜索得到同行评审的文章。我们的结果表明，大多数研究（74％）致力于使用快照方法量化和分析ES关系。ES关系的时空分析（占研究的6％）仍然是研究中的主要科学挑战。尽管大多数研究分析了关系的驱动因素，但它们主要集中在土地利用和覆盖（变化）和气候变化（例如温度和降水）的粗略指标上，而70％的研究分析了3和6个ES之间的关系。这篇综述强调了两个关键的研究问题：（i）通过使用土地利用指标来分析粗略驱动因素，以及（ii）根据现场方法对ES关系进行时空分析，以随时间推移或模拟模型跟踪ES指标。