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Long-term variations of river ice breakup timing across Canada and its response to climate change
Cold Regions Science and Technology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103091 Yuzhuang Chen , Yuntong She
Cold Regions Science and Technology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2020.103091 Yuzhuang Chen , Yuntong She
Abstract River ice breakup has extensive implications on cold-region hydrological, ecological and river morphological systems. However, spatial and temporal breakup patterns under the changing climate are not well explored on large scale. This study discusses the spatial-temporal variations of breakup timing over terrestrial ecozones and five selected river basins of Canada based on long-term (1950–2016) data record. The link between the discovered patterns and climatic drivers (including air temperature, snowfall and rainfall), as well as elevation and anthropogenic activities are analyzed. An overall earlier breakup trend is observed across Canada and the spring air temperature is found to be the main driver behind it. However, the most pronounced warming trends across Canada is observed in winter. Spring warming trend is not as strong as winter warming and even becomes weak as period changes from 1950–2016 to 1970–2016, resulting in more stations showing later and significant later breakup during 1970–2016. Breakup pattern also displays evident spatial differences. Significant earlier breakup trends are mainly seen in western Canada (e.g. the Nelson River basin) and Arctic where spring warming trends are evident. Later and mixed breakup trends are generally identified in regions with weak warming or even cooling trends, such as Atlantic Canada and the St. Lawrence River basin. Spring snowfall generally delays breakup. Spring rainfall usually advances breakup dates while winter-rainfall can also delay breakup through refreezing. The increased snowfall in the north and increased rainfall in the south may be the reason why breakup timing is more sensitive to climatic warming in lower latitude regions than in higher latitude regions. Additionally, breakup timing in main streams and large rivers appears to be less sensitive to the warming trend than the headwaters and small tributaries. Elevation and flow regulation are also found to be contributing factors to the changes in breakup timing.
中文翻译:
加拿大河冰破裂时间的长期变化及其对气候变化的响应
摘要 河流破冰对寒区水文、生态和河流形态系统具有广泛的影响。然而,气候变化下的空间和时间分解模式并没有得到很好的大规模探索。本研究根据长期(1950-2016 年)数据记录讨论了陆地生态区和加拿大五个选定河流流域的分解时间的时空变化。分析发现的模式与气候驱动因素(包括气温、降雪和降雨)以及海拔和人为活动之间的联系。整个加拿大都观察到整体较早的分裂趋势,并且发现春季气温是其背后的主要驱动因素。然而,加拿大各地最明显的变暖趋势发生在冬季。春季增暖趋势不如冬季增暖那么强烈,甚至随着周期变化从 1950-2016 年变为 1970-2016 年变弱,导致更多台站在 1970-2016 年间出现较晚和显着的后期解体。分手模式也表现出明显的空间差异。显着的早期解体趋势主要出现在加拿大西部(例如纳尔逊河流域)和北极地区,那里的春季变暖趋势很明显。在变暖或什至变冷趋势较弱的地区,例如大西洋加拿大和圣劳伦斯河流域,通常会发现后期和混合解体趋势。春季降雪通常会延迟分手。春季降雨通常会提前分解日期,而冬季降雨也可以通过重新冻结来延迟分解。北部降雪增加和南部降雨增加可能是低纬度地区比高纬度地区对气候变暖更敏感的原因。此外,与源头和小支流相比,干流和大河的破裂时间似乎对变暖趋势不太敏感。还发现高程和流量调节是导致破碎时间变化的因素。
更新日期:2020-08-01
中文翻译:
加拿大河冰破裂时间的长期变化及其对气候变化的响应
摘要 河流破冰对寒区水文、生态和河流形态系统具有广泛的影响。然而,气候变化下的空间和时间分解模式并没有得到很好的大规模探索。本研究根据长期(1950-2016 年)数据记录讨论了陆地生态区和加拿大五个选定河流流域的分解时间的时空变化。分析发现的模式与气候驱动因素(包括气温、降雪和降雨)以及海拔和人为活动之间的联系。整个加拿大都观察到整体较早的分裂趋势,并且发现春季气温是其背后的主要驱动因素。然而,加拿大各地最明显的变暖趋势发生在冬季。春季增暖趋势不如冬季增暖那么强烈,甚至随着周期变化从 1950-2016 年变为 1970-2016 年变弱,导致更多台站在 1970-2016 年间出现较晚和显着的后期解体。分手模式也表现出明显的空间差异。显着的早期解体趋势主要出现在加拿大西部(例如纳尔逊河流域)和北极地区,那里的春季变暖趋势很明显。在变暖或什至变冷趋势较弱的地区,例如大西洋加拿大和圣劳伦斯河流域,通常会发现后期和混合解体趋势。春季降雪通常会延迟分手。春季降雨通常会提前分解日期,而冬季降雨也可以通过重新冻结来延迟分解。北部降雪增加和南部降雨增加可能是低纬度地区比高纬度地区对气候变暖更敏感的原因。此外,与源头和小支流相比,干流和大河的破裂时间似乎对变暖趋势不太敏感。还发现高程和流量调节是导致破碎时间变化的因素。