In a continuous, perfectly stratified sedimentary sequence which was discovered under a large sandstone overhang in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, we analysed multiple biological remains, archaeological features and artefacts. This multi-proxy record has allowed us to examine the interactions between woodland and humans in a permanently wooded environment throughout almost the entire Holocene. We paid most attention to massive finds of dung pellets from sheep, goats or pigs and bedding layers which show that the site was used as a pen and shelter for livestock which grazed in the woods. Our results imply that such practices have occurred since the Neolithic, but the most robust evidence of these is for the Iron Age and early Middle Ages. Detailed analyses of the dung indicate woodland grazing and foddering with branches, acorns, beechnuts and crop processing remains. In addition, the wide palaeoenvironmental range of this detailed investigation provides evidence of the impact of wood pasturing on ecological functions, taxon composition and diversity of the local woodland ecosystem in the Holocene.

在一个连续的，完全分层的沉积序列中，我们在捷克共和国波西米亚北部的一个大型砂岩悬垂物下发现了该序列，我们分析了多种生物残留物，考古特征和人工制品。这种多代理记录使我们能够在几乎整个全新世的永久树木繁茂的环境中研究林地与人类之间的相互作用。我们最关注的是从绵羊，山羊或猪和床上用品层中发现的大量粪便颗粒，这些粪便表明该场所被用作围栏放牧在树林中的牲畜的笔和庇护所。我们的结果表明，自新石器时代以来就发生了这种做法，但最有力的证据是铁器时代和中世纪早期。对粪便的详细分析表明，林地里有树枝，橡子，草料和草料，栗子和农作物加工仍然存在。此外，这项详细研究的古环境范围广，证明了牧草对全新世当地生态功能，分类单元组成和当地林地生态系统多样性的影响。