Sugarcane occupies sizeable cropping area in Latin American countries especially in Guatemala and Nicaragua, where sugar industry substantially contributes to the national GDP as well as to foreign trade. In these countries, sugarcane cultivation faces challenges from different diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and virus. Among the diseases, dry stalk rot caused by five different fungal pathogens is the major disease constraint, impacting sugarcane production in the countries. The non-fungal diseases cause loss of vigour leading to varietal degeneration in sugarcane. Traditional disease management in sugarcane centres around host resistance to different diseases, and this approach remains as the most important in the Central American region. However, new variants (strains) with more virulence emerge in case of fungal pathogens and this phenomenon leads to varietal breakdown; thereby, resistant varieties become susceptible. Hence, other disease management options are employed, especially antagonistic and growth-promoting microbes of bacteria and fungi for the sustainable sugarcane production in the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan sugar mills. Additionally, degeneration in varieties caused by ratoon stunting is addressed through healthy seed nurseries. The review focuses on sugar scenario, major disease constraints, disease screening and resistance identification and other disease management options to sustain sugarcane sector in Guatemala and Nicaragua.

中文翻译：

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通过有效的疾病管理方法维持危地马拉和尼加拉瓜的甘蔗生产

甘蔗在拉丁美洲国家，尤其是危地马拉和尼加拉瓜的甘蔗种植面积很大，这些国家的制糖业为国民生产总值和对外贸易做出了巨大贡献。在这些国家，甘蔗种植面临着由真菌，细菌和病毒引起的各种疾病的挑战。在这些疾病中，由五种不同的真菌病原体引起的干茎腐烂是主要的疾病制约因素，影响了该国的甘蔗生产。非真菌疾病导致活力丧失，导致甘蔗品种退化。甘蔗的传统疾病管理以宿主对不同疾病的抵抗力为中心，这种方法仍然是中美洲地区最重要的方法。然而，在真菌病原体的情况下，出现了具有更高毒力的新变异（菌株），这种现象导致了变异。因此，抗性品种变得易感。因此，在危地马拉和尼加拉瓜的糖厂中，采用其他疾病管理方法，尤其是细菌和真菌的拮抗和促进生长的微生物，以可持续地生产甘蔗。此外，通过健康的苗圃可以解决由宿根发育迟缓引起的品种退化。审查的重点是食糖情况，主要疾病制约因素，疾病筛查和耐药性鉴定以及维持危地马拉和尼加拉瓜甘蔗部门的其他疾病管理选择。特别是在危地马拉和尼加拉瓜糖厂可持续生产甘蔗的细菌和真菌的拮抗和促生长微生物。此外，通过再生苗圃可以解决因宿根发育迟缓引起的品种退化。审查的重点是食糖情况，主要疾病制约因素，疾病筛查和耐药性鉴定以及维持危地马拉和尼加拉瓜甘蔗部门的其他疾病管理选择。尤其是对细菌和真菌具有拮抗作用和促进生长的微生物，以实现危地马拉和尼加拉瓜糖厂的可持续甘蔗生产。此外，通过健康的苗圃可以解决由宿根发育迟缓引起的品种退化。审查的重点是食糖情况，主要疾病制约因素，疾病筛查和耐药性鉴定以及维持危地马拉和尼加拉瓜甘蔗部门的其他疾病管理选择。