Pistachio represents an emerging nut crop across the Mediterranean basin. In Spain, pistachio has been traditionally cultivated in marginal‐dry areas with unfavourable climatic conditions for plant diseases. Consequently, little attention has been given to research on pistachio diseases until recently. Symptoms of branch dieback and cankers, and shoot and panicle blight have been recently observed in commercial pistachio orchards across southern Spain. In this study, 10 commercial pistachio orchards showing disease symptoms were surveyed between 2017 and 2018. Botryosphaeriaceae fungi were consistently isolated from affected shoots, among other fungal families with minor relevance. Representative isolates of each family were characterized based on colony and conidial morphology, optimum growth temperature, and the comparison of DNA sequence data (ITS, LSU, EF, TUB2, and ACT genomic regions). Detached and attached shoots, and attached panicles of pistachio cv. Kerman were inoculated with mycelial plugs or conidial suspensions to demonstrate the pathogenicity of the selected isolates. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. parvum, Diaporthe neotheicola, Diaporthe sp., Eutypa lata, Eutypa sp., Cytospora sp., and Phaeoacremonium minimum were identified. P. minimum had the highest optimum growth temperature (29.6 °C) and Cytospora sp. the lowest (21–22 °C). Botryosphaeriaceae isolates showed the largest lesions on inoculated shoots, with L. pseudotheobromae being the most aggressive, followed by Neofusicoccum species. Panicles inoculated with N. mediterraneum showed blight symptoms and canker formation 6 weeks after inoculation, without significant differences in aggressiveness between isolates. This work reports relevant information about this emerging disease in the novel Spanish pistachio‐growing areas.

中文翻译：

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开心果与真菌树干病原体相关的开心果分支枯萎，穗和枯萎病的病因学

开心果代表整个地中海盆地新兴的坚果作物。在西班牙，开心果传统上是在边缘干旱地区种植的，这些地区的气候条件不利于植物病害。因此，直到最近，对开心果疾病的研究很少受到关注。最近在西班牙南部的商业开心果园中观察到分支枯萎和溃疡病，芽和穗枯病的症状。在这项研究中，从2017年到2018年，对10个有症状症状的开心果果树商业果园进行了调查。从受影响的芽中以及其他相关性较弱的真菌科中，葡萄球菌一直被分离出来。根据菌落和分生孢子的形态，最佳生长温度，LSU，EF，TUB2和ACT基因组区域）。开心果简历的脱落的和附着的芽，以及附着的圆锥花序。用菌丝体塞或分生孢子悬液接种克尔曼，以证明所选菌株的致病性。Botryosphaeria dothidea，拟南芥（Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae），Neufusicoccum mediterraneum，N。鉴定出小菜蛾，Diaporthe neotheicola，Diaporthe sp。，Eutypa lata，Eutypa sp。，Cytospora sp。和Phaeoacremonium minimum。最低体育最高的最佳生长温度（29.6°C）和Cytospora sp。最低的（21–22°C）。Botryosphaeriaceae菌株表现出对接种芽最大的病灶，用大号。拟假单胞菌是最具侵略性的，其次是新镰刀菌属。穗被N接种。接种后6周，地中海杆菌显示出枯萎病症状和溃疡形成，分离株​​之间的侵袭性无明显差异。这项工作报告了有关西班牙开心果生长地区这种新出现疾病的相关信息。