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Arthropod IGF, Relaxin and Gonadulin, putative orthologs of Drosophila insulin-like peptides 6, 7 and 8, likely originated from an ancient gene triplication
bioRxiv - Zoology Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.11.088476 Jan A. Veenstra
bioRxiv - Zoology Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.11.088476 Jan A. Veenstra
Background: Insects have several genes coding for insulin-like peptides and they have been particularly well studied in Drosophila. Some of these hormones function as growth hormones and are produced by the fat body and the brain. These act through a typical insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Two other Drosophila insulin-like hormones are either known or suspected to act through a G-protein coupled receptor. Although insulin-related peptides are known from other insect species, Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8, one that uses a G-protein coupled receptor, has so far only been identified from Drosophila and other flies. However, its receptor is widespread within arthropods and hence it should have orthologs. Such putative orthologs were recently identified in decapods and have been called gonadulins.
Methodology: In an effort to identify gonadulins in other arthropods public genome assemblies and short-read archives from insects and other arthropods were explored for the presence of genes and transcripts coding insulin-like peptides and their putative receptors.
Results: Gonadulins were detected in a number of arthropods. In those species for which transcriptome data from the gonads is available insect gonadulin genes are expressed in the ovaries and at least in some species also in the testes. In some insects differences in gonadulin expression in the ovary between actively reproducing and non-reproducing females differs more than 100-fold. Putative orthologs of Drosophila ilp 6 were also identified. In several non-Dipteran insects these peptides have C-terminally extensions that are alternatively spliced. The predicted peptides have been called arthropod insulin-like growth factors. In cockroaches, termites and stick insects genes coding for the arthropod insulin-like growth factors, gonadulin and relaxin, a third insulin-like peptide, are encoded by genes that are next to one another suggesting that they are the result of a local gene triplication. Such a close chromosomal association was also found for the arthropod insulin-like growth factor and gonadulin genes in spiders. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the typical insulin receptor tyrosine kinases from insects, decapods and chelicerates shows that the insulin signaling pathway evolved differently in these three groups. The G-protein coupled receptors that are related to the Drosophila ilp 8 receptor similarly show significant differences between those groups.
Conclusion: A local gene triplication in an early ancestor likely yielded three genes coding gonadulin, arthropod insulin-like growth factor and relaxin. Orthologs of these genes are now commonly present in arthropods and almost certainly include the Drosophila insulin-like peptides 6, 7 and 8.
中文翻译:
节肢动物IGF,Relaxin和Gonadulin是果蝇胰岛素样肽6、7和8的假定直系同源物,可能起源于古老的基因重复
背景:昆虫有几种编码胰岛素样肽的基因,在果蝇中已经得到了很好的研究。这些激素中有一些起生长激素的作用,由脂肪和大脑产生。这些通过典型的胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶起作用。已知或怀疑另外两种果蝇胰岛素样激素可通过G蛋白偶联受体发挥作用。尽管从其他昆虫物种中已知胰岛素相关肽,但果蝇胰岛素样肽8是一种使用G蛋白偶联受体的肽,迄今为止仅从果蝇和其他果蝇中鉴定出来。然而,其受体在节肢动物中广泛存在,因此应该具有直系同源物。这样的推定直系同源物最近在十足动物中被鉴定出,并被称为促性腺激素。方法:为了鉴定其他节肢动物中的促性腺激素,研究了昆虫和其他节肢动物的公共基因组组装和短读档案,以寻找编码胰岛素样肽及其推定受体的基因和转录本。结果:在许多节肢动物中均检出了性腺激素。在可获得性腺转录组数据的那些物种中,昆虫性腺蛋白基因在卵巢中表达,至少在某些物种中也在睾丸中表达。在某些昆虫中,活跃繁殖和不繁殖雌性在卵巢中性腺激素表达的差异相差100倍以上。果蝇ilp 6的假定直系同源物也被鉴定。在几种非双翅类昆虫中,这些肽的C端延伸被剪接。预测的肽被称为节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子。在蟑螂中,编码节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子,促性腺激素和松弛素(第三个胰岛素样肽)的白蚁和竹节虫基因由彼此相邻的基因编码,这表明它们是局部基因重复的结果。还发现蜘蛛中节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子和促性腺激素基因的这种紧密的染色体关联。从昆虫,十足纲动物和螯足动物中典型的胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶的系统树分析表明,这三组中胰岛素信号通路的发展不同。类似地,与果蝇ilp 8受体相关的G蛋白偶联受体在这些组之间显示出显着差异。结论:早期祖先的一个局部基因三倍体可能产生了编码促性腺激素,节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子和松弛素的三个基因。这些基因的直系同源物现在普遍存在于节肢动物中,几乎可以肯定地包括果蝇胰岛素样肽6、7和8。
更新日期:2020-06-10
中文翻译:
节肢动物IGF,Relaxin和Gonadulin是果蝇胰岛素样肽6、7和8的假定直系同源物,可能起源于古老的基因重复
背景:昆虫有几种编码胰岛素样肽的基因,在果蝇中已经得到了很好的研究。这些激素中有一些起生长激素的作用,由脂肪和大脑产生。这些通过典型的胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶起作用。已知或怀疑另外两种果蝇胰岛素样激素可通过G蛋白偶联受体发挥作用。尽管从其他昆虫物种中已知胰岛素相关肽,但果蝇胰岛素样肽8是一种使用G蛋白偶联受体的肽,迄今为止仅从果蝇和其他果蝇中鉴定出来。然而,其受体在节肢动物中广泛存在,因此应该具有直系同源物。这样的推定直系同源物最近在十足动物中被鉴定出,并被称为促性腺激素。方法:为了鉴定其他节肢动物中的促性腺激素,研究了昆虫和其他节肢动物的公共基因组组装和短读档案,以寻找编码胰岛素样肽及其推定受体的基因和转录本。结果:在许多节肢动物中均检出了性腺激素。在可获得性腺转录组数据的那些物种中,昆虫性腺蛋白基因在卵巢中表达,至少在某些物种中也在睾丸中表达。在某些昆虫中,活跃繁殖和不繁殖雌性在卵巢中性腺激素表达的差异相差100倍以上。果蝇ilp 6的假定直系同源物也被鉴定。在几种非双翅类昆虫中,这些肽的C端延伸被剪接。预测的肽被称为节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子。在蟑螂中,编码节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子,促性腺激素和松弛素(第三个胰岛素样肽)的白蚁和竹节虫基因由彼此相邻的基因编码,这表明它们是局部基因重复的结果。还发现蜘蛛中节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子和促性腺激素基因的这种紧密的染色体关联。从昆虫,十足纲动物和螯足动物中典型的胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶的系统树分析表明,这三组中胰岛素信号通路的发展不同。类似地,与果蝇ilp 8受体相关的G蛋白偶联受体在这些组之间显示出显着差异。结论:早期祖先的一个局部基因三倍体可能产生了编码促性腺激素,节肢动物胰岛素样生长因子和松弛素的三个基因。这些基因的直系同源物现在普遍存在于节肢动物中,几乎可以肯定地包括果蝇胰岛素样肽6、7和8。