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Energy and capital  
Journal of Industrial Ecology ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-13 , DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13014
Christopher Kennedy 1
Affiliation  

Energy is required both to build the capital stock and to produce goods and services from the use of the capital stock. These two energy demands are together constrained by the available energy in the macroeconomy. Here, I develop a mathematical theory expressing the relationship between available energy and the capital stock as a first‐order differential equation. Three specific solutions are derived for the cases of a steady‐state economy with fixed capital stock, for an economy with a linearly increasing capital stock, and for an exponentially growing capital stock. Empirical data for the United Kingdom's nineteenth century economy are used to examine the energy required to access energy supplies; the energy intensity of capital formation; and the energy intensity of capital use. Magnitudes and trends in the energy intensity of capital use differ for four sectors of the economy—mining, residential, utilities, and railways. Data for the United Kingdom's ratio of available energy to capital from 1850 to 1913, are examined for the case of a linearly increasing capital stock. This corroborates the overall theoretical model and demonstrates that the change in energy to capital ratio is impacted by the magnitude of the capital stock. Further analysis of the mining sector shows that higher coal prices follow after increases in capital investment and increased coal production. This helps demonstrate how energy constraints play out in the macroeconomy. This article met the requirements for a gold – gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

中文翻译:

能源与资本  

既需要能源来建立资本存量,又需要利用资本存量来生产商品和服务。这两个能量需求一起受到宏观经济中可用能量的限制。在这里,我发展了一个数学理论,将一阶微分方程表达为可利用能量和资本存量之间的关系。对于具有固定资本存量的稳态经济,具有线性增长的存量的经济以及呈指数增长的资本存量的情况,得出了三种具体的解决方案。英国19世纪经济的经验数据被用来检验获得能源供应所需的能源。资本形成的能源强度;以及资本使用的能源强度。四个经济部门(采矿,住宅,公用事业和铁路)的资本使用能源强度的大小和趋势有所不同。对于线性增加的资本存量的情况,研究了1850至1913年英国可用能源与资本之比的数据。这证实了整体理论模型,并证明了能源资本比率的变化受资本存量的大小影响。对采矿业的进一步分析表明,在资本投资增加和煤炭产量增加之后,煤炭价格随之上涨。这有助于说明能量约束在宏观经济中如何发挥作用。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的gold-gold JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。公用事业和铁路。在线性增加的资本存量的情况下,研究了1850至1913年英国可用能源与资本之比的数据。这证实了整体理论模型,并证明了能源资本比率的变化受资本存量的大小影响。对采矿业的进一步分析表明,在资本投资增加和煤炭产量增加之后,煤炭价格随之上涨。这有助于证明能量限制在宏观经济中如何发挥作用。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的gold-gold JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。公用事业和铁路。对于线性增加的资本存量的情况,研究了1850至1913年英国可用能源与资本之比的数据。这证实了整体理论模型,并证明了能源资本比率的变化受资本存量的大小影响。对采矿业的进一步分析表明,在资本投资增加和煤炭产量增加之后,煤炭价格随之上涨。这有助于说明能量约束在宏观经济中如何发挥作用。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的gold-gold JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。这证实了整体理论模型,并证明了能源资本比率的变化受资本存量的大小影响。对采矿业的进一步分析表明,在资本投资增加和煤炭产量增加之后,煤炭价格随之上涨。这有助于说明能量约束在宏观经济中如何发挥作用。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的gold-gold JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。这证实了整体理论模型,并证明了能源资本比率的变化受资本存量的大小影响。对采矿业的进一步分析表明,在资本投资增加和煤炭产量增加之后,煤炭价格随之上涨。这有助于说明能量约束在宏观经济中如何发挥作用。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的gold-gold JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。
更新日期:2020-05-13
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