We evaluated the diversity and distribution of viable fungi present in permafrost and active layers obtained from three islands of Maritime Antarctica. A total of 213 fungal isolates were recovered from the permafrost, and 351 from the active layer, which were identified in 58 taxa; 27 from permafrost and 31 from the active layer. Oidiodendron, Penicillium, and Pseudogymnoascus taxa were the most abundant in permafrost. Bionectriaceae, Helotiales, Mortierellaceae, and Pseudeurotium were the most abundant in the active layer. Only five shared both substrates. The yeast Mrakia blollopis represented is the first reported on Antarctic permafrost. The fungal diversity detected was moderate to high, and composed of cosmopolitan, cold-adapted, and endemic taxa, reported as saprobic, mutualistic, and parasitic species. Our results demonstrate that permafrost shelters viable fungi across the Maritime Antarctica, and that they are contrasting to the overlying active layer. We detected important fungal taxa represented by potential new species, particularly, those genetically close to Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which can cause extinction of bats in North America and Eurasia. The detection of viable fungi trapped in permafrost deserves further studies on the extension of its fungal diversity and its capability to expand from permafrost to other habitats in Antarctica, and elsewhere.

中文翻译：

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南极永久冻土层和活动层中活菌的多样性，分布和生态学。

我们评估了从南极海事三个岛屿获得的永冻土和活性层中存在的活菌的多样性和分布。从永久冻土中回收了213种真菌分离物，从活性层中回收了351种，在58个分类单元中被鉴定出来。来自永久冻土的27个和活动层的31个。多年生冻土中，Oidiodendron，Penicillium和Pseudogymnoascus类群最多。在活性层中，Bionectriaceae，Helotiales，Mortierellaceae和Pseudeurotium最丰富。只有五个共享两个衬底。酵母Mrakia blollopis代表的是有关南极多年冻土的首次报道。检测到的真菌多样性为中度到高度，并且由国际化，冷适应和特有的分类单元组成，据报道为腐生，互生和寄生物种。我们的结果表明，多年冻土能够在整个海洋南极地区掩盖活菌，并且它们与上覆的活动层形成了对比。我们检测到了以潜在新物种为代表的重要真菌类群，尤其是那些在遗传上接近假单胞菌的动物，这些物种可能导致北美和欧亚大陆的蝙蝠灭绝。滞留在多年冻土中的活菌的检测值得对其真菌多样性的扩展及其从永冻土扩展到南极洲及其他地方的其他生境的能力进行进一步研究。