The effects of a series of co-catalysts: iron(III)chloride, zinc chloride, sodium borate, acetic acid, oxalic acid, 10% Pd-C, sodium carbonate, and Raney-Ni as well as H₂ at 200 psi reductive conditions were studied on the iron(0)-catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction of switchgrass at 210 °C. The addition 10% (w/w) iron(III)chloride as a co-catalyst in 60% aq. ethanol, without a hydrogen atmosphere enhanced the liquefaction yield from 55.7 ± 1.5 to 67.6 ± 2.5%. The use of Pd/C (5% w/w) and Raney-Ni (5% w/w) as co-catalysts could also enhance the liquefaction yields to 67.0 ± 3.0 and 72.3 ± 1.8% respectively, in reactions carried out under hydrogen atmosphere at 200 psi, in H₂O, 210 °C, 24 h. GC-MS analysis of the liquefaction products revealed that C5-C10 range partially oxygenated products are formed and the composition of the liquefaction product depends on the co-catalyst used. The thermogravimetric and FT-IR analysis of liquefaction residues indicated that polysaccharide fraction is mainly liquefied in these iron(0)-catalyzed liquefactions of switchgrass at 210 °C.

一系列助催化剂的作用：还原铁（200 psi ）下的氯化铁（III），氯化锌，硼酸钠，乙酸，草酸，10％Pd-C，碳酸钠和阮内镍以及H ₂在铁（0）催化的柳枝at的水热液化温度为210°C的条件下进行了研究。在60％水溶液中加入10％（w / w）氯化铁（III）作为助催化剂。没有氢气气氛的乙醇将液化收率从55.7±1.5提高到67.6±2.5％。在以下条件下进行的反应中，使用Pd / C（5％w / w）和Raney-Ni（5％w / w）作为助催化剂还可将液化收率分别提高至67.0±3.0和72.3±1.8％ H ₂中200 psi的氢气气氛O，210℃，24小时。对液化产物的GC-MS分析表明，形成了C5-C10范围的部分氧化产物，并且液化产物的组成取决于所用的助催化剂。液化残渣的热重分析和FT-IR分析表明，在210°C下，这些铁（0）催化的柳枝que液化中，多糖级分主要被液化。