During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.

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设计药物：药物化学视角（二）

2012 年至 2018 年期间，旨在规避物质控制法规的新型精神活性物质 (NPS) 的秘密制造在全球范围内呈指数级增长，死亡人数也随之增加。本综述重点关注被确定为合成阿片类药物、合成苯丙胺和合成大麻素的三个化合物类别，并重点介绍了秘密实验室利用药物化学先例开发具有更高脑渗透性、更长作用持续时间和更强效力的新 NPS。还讨论了非法药物滥用治疗选择的化学方法，特别是阿片类药物使用障碍。