Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used immunomodulators. They regulate gene expression by binding and activating the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), but underlying transcriptional mechanisms remain enigmatic. This review summarizes recent findings identifyingspecific GR-bound DNA sequences whose configuration may affect transcriptional output. Additional factors affecting GR's anti-inflammatory actions, including different chromatin states such as DNAse hypersensitive regions and histone marks will be discussed, together with the relevant transcriptional co-regulators and promoter/enhancer features. Furthermore, the involvement of non-coding RNAs such as lncRNAs, miRNAs and eRNAs adds another level of regulation to the GR's transcriptional activity. Characterizing and understanding these multiple mechanisms will be crucial for developing more targeted immunomodulatory therapies with reduced adverse effects such as obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis.

中文翻译：

---

抗炎糖皮质激素作用：基因组见解和新兴概念。

糖皮质激素 (GC) 是广泛使用的免疫调节剂。它们通过结合和激活糖皮质激素受体 (GR) 来调节基因表达，但潜在的转录机制仍然是个谜。这篇综述总结了最近发现的特定 GR 结合 DNA 序列的发现，这些序列的配置可能会影响转录输出。将讨论影响 GR 抗炎作用的其他因素，包括不同的染色质状态，如 DNAse 过敏区域和组蛋白标记，以及相关的转录共调节因子和启动子/增强子特征。此外，非编码 RNA 如 lncRNA、miRNA 和 eRNA 的参与为 GR 的转录活性增加了另一个水平的调节。