Abstract Sustainable processes for purifying water, capturing carbon, producing biofuels, operating fuel cells, and performing energy-efficient industrial separations will require next-generation membranes. Solvent-less fabrication for membranes not only eliminates potential environmental issues with organic solvents, but also solves the swelling problems that occur with delicate polymer substrates. Furthermore, the activation procedures often required for synthesizing microporous materials such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be reduced when solvent-less vapor-phase approaches are employed. This perspective covers several vacuum deposition processes, including initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), initiated plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (iPECVD), solvent-less vapor deposition followed by in situ polymerization (SLIP), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and molecular layer deposition (MLD). These solvent-less vapor-phase methods are powerful in creating ultrathin selective layers for thin-film composite membranes and advantageous in conformally coating nanoscale pores for the precise modification of pore size and internal functionalities. The resulting membranes have shown promising performance for gas separation, nanofiltration, desalination, and water/oil separation. Further development of novel membrane materials and the scaling up of high-throughput reactors for solvent-less vapor-phase processes are necessary in order to make a real impact on the chemical industry in the future.

中文翻译：

---

用于可持续分离过程的无溶剂气相制造膜

摘要 净化水、捕获碳、生产生物燃料、运行燃料电池和执行节能工业分离的可持续过程将需要下一代膜。膜的无溶剂制造不仅消除了有机溶剂的潜在环境问题，而且解决了易碎聚合物基材发生的溶胀问题。此外，当采用无溶剂气相方法时，可以减少合成微孔材料（如金属有机骨架（MOF））所需的活化程序。该观点涵盖了几种真空沉积工艺，包括起始化学气相沉积 (iCVD)、起始等离子体增强化学气相沉积 (iPECVD)、无溶剂气相沉积后原位聚合 (SLIP)、原子层沉积 (ALD) 和分子层沉积 (MLD)。这些无溶剂气相方法在为薄膜复合膜创建超薄选择性层方面非常强大，并有利于共形涂覆纳米级孔以精确修改孔径和内部功能。所得膜在气体分离、纳滤、海水淡化和水/油分离方面显示出良好的性能。为了在未来对化学工业产生真正的影响，有必要进一步开发新型膜材料和扩大用于无溶剂气相工艺的高通量反应器。这些无溶剂气相方法在为薄膜复合膜创建超薄选择性层方面非常强大，并有利于共形涂覆纳米级孔以精确修改孔径和内部功能。所得膜在气体分离、纳滤、海水淡化和水/油分离方面表现出良好的性能。为了在未来对化学工业产生真正的影响，有必要进一步开发新型膜材料和扩大用于无溶剂气相工艺的高通量反应器。这些无溶剂气相方法在为薄膜复合膜创建超薄选择性层方面非常强大，并有利于共形涂覆纳米级孔以精确修改孔径和内部功能。所得膜在气体分离、纳滤、海水淡化和水/油分离方面表现出良好的性能。为了在未来对化学工业产生真正的影响，有必要进一步开发新型膜材料和扩大用于无溶剂气相工艺的高通量反应器。和水/油分离。为了在未来对化学工业产生真正的影响，有必要进一步开发新型膜材料和扩大用于无溶剂气相工艺的高通量反应器。和水/油分离。为了在未来对化学工业产生真正的影响，有必要进一步开发新型膜材料和扩大用于无溶剂气相工艺的高通量反应器。