Abstract Pinus pinea is a species of great economic and ecological importance in Lebanon, but there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the pine forests, their vegetation dynamics and regeneration. Our study aims to produce the first classification of the pine stands according to their floristic composition and the abiotic factors of the Mount Lebanon region and to analyse natural pine recruitment. Floristic composition, environmental and soil factors as well as stand dendrometric characteristics and woody seedling regeneration were recorded on fifty plots distributed in the main stone pine stands of the study area. Using canonical correspondence and clustering analyses, we classified pine stands into five groups which were mainly influenced by physiographic factors (altitude, slope, temperature, rainfall), nature of the bedrock, and evidence of human interventions. Most stone pine stands in Mount Lebanon were dense (849 stems.ha−1), old (81 years) with a high basal area (49 m2.ha−1). Pine regeneration was particularly scant, and the understory was dominated by the oak species: Quercus calliprinos, mainly and Quercus infectoria, secondarily. Based on these results, we concluded that the presence of stone pine and its persistence are linked to human actions. In the absence of human intervention, the stone pine stands will progressively disappear and be replaced by oak formations. Thus, an urgent management plan is required to favour pine regeneration to allow for the renewal of the pine stands in the Mount-Lebanon region.

中文翻译：

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黎巴嫩山松林的植被动态和更新：走向松树的逐渐消失

摘要 松树是黎巴嫩具有重要经济和生态意义的物种，但对松林分布、植被动态和更新缺乏了解。我们的研究旨在根据植物区系组成和黎巴嫩山地区的非生物因素对松林进行第一次分类，并分析天然松树的补充。在分布在研究区主要石松林分的 50 个样地中记录了植物区系组成、环境和土壤因素以及林分树状特征和木本幼苗再生。使用典型对应和聚类分析，我们将松林分为五组，主要受地理因素（海拔、坡度、温度、降雨量）、基岩性质、和人为干预的证据。黎巴嫩山的大多数石松林茂密（849 茎.ha-1），古老（81 年），基面积高（49 m2.ha-1）。松树再生特别少，林下主要是橡树种：主要是 Quercus calliprinos，其次是 Quercus infectoria。基于这些结果，我们得出结论，石松的存在及其持续存在与人类行为有关。在没有人工干预的情况下，石松林将逐渐消失，取而代之的是橡木地层。因此，需要一项紧急的管理计划来促进松树的再生，以便更新黎巴嫩山地区的松树林分。松树再生特别少，林下主要是橡树种：主要是 Quercus calliprinos，其次是 Quercus infectoria。基于这些结果，我们得出结论，石松的存在及其持续存在与人类行为有关。在没有人工干预的情况下，石松林将逐渐消失，取而代之的是橡木地层。因此，需要一项紧急的管理计划来促进松树的再生，以便更新黎巴嫩山地区的松树林分。松树再生特别少，林下主要是橡树种：主要是 Quercus calliprinos，其次是 Quercus infectoria。基于这些结果，我们得出结论，石松的存在及其持续存在与人类行为有关。在没有人工干预的情况下，石松林将逐渐消失，取而代之的是橡木地层。因此，需要一项紧急的管理计划来促进松树的再生，以便更新黎巴嫩山地区的松树林分。石松林将逐渐消失，取而代之的是橡木地层。因此，需要一项紧急的管理计划来促进松树的再生，以便更新黎巴嫩山地区的松树林分。石松林将逐渐消失，取而代之的是橡木地层。因此，需要一项紧急的管理计划来促进松树的再生，以便更新黎巴嫩山地区的松树林分。