Habitual supplementation of fish oil is thought to provide benefits to the developing infant; however, the effects on infant microbial establishment and immune development are unknown. A 6-month observational cohort study was conducted where 47 out of 91 women self-administered dietary fish oil during breastfeeding. Infant stool and mothers' breast milk were collected each month over 6 months. Gas chromatography was used to quantify breast milk fatty acids and high-throughput sequencing was used to assess the infant fecal microbiota. Immune markers and parent-reported questionnaires were used to assess infant immunity and health up to 2 years. Our results reveal that fish oil supplementation decreased secretory immunoglobulin A and increased IL-10 production in lactating women along with increased breast milk eicosapentaenoic acid, and this corresponded to increased abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in their infants. Docosahexaenoic acid levels in breast milk aligned with decreases in infant gut bacterial richness and the predicted bacterial phenotypes suggested that fish oil lowers commensal traits involved in pathogen colonization resistance. Despite this, there were no differences in sickness incidence in toddlers. This study revealed that fish oil associates with decreases in breast milk defensive inflammatory responses and corresponds with infant fecal microbiota with anti-inflammatory potential.

中文翻译：

---

鱼油补充剂可减少母体防御性炎症，并预测婴儿的肠道细菌群会降低免疫启动能力。

习惯性补充鱼油被认为对发育中的婴儿有益；然而，对婴儿微生物建立和免疫发育的影响尚不清楚。进行了一项为期 6 个月的观察性队列研究，其中 91 名女性中有 47 名在母乳喂养期间自行服用膳食鱼油。在 6 个月内每个月收集婴儿粪便和母亲的母乳。气相色谱用于定量母乳脂肪酸，高通量测序用于评估婴儿粪便微生物群。免疫标志物和父母报告的问卷用于评估长达 2 年的婴儿免疫力和健康状况。我们的结果表明，补充鱼油会降低分泌性免疫球蛋白 A 并增加哺乳期妇女的 IL-10 产量，同时增加母乳二十碳五烯酸，这对应于粪便双歧杆菌和乳杆菌属的丰度增加。在他们的婴儿中。母乳中二十二碳六烯酸水平与婴儿肠道细菌丰富度的降低一致，预测的细菌表型表明鱼油降低了与病原体定植抗性有关的共生性状。尽管如此，幼儿的疾病发生率没有差异。这项研究表明，鱼油与母乳防御性炎症反应的降低有关，并且与具有抗炎潜力的婴儿粪便微生物群相对应。母乳中二十二碳六烯酸水平与婴儿肠道细菌丰富度的降低一致，预测的细菌表型表明鱼油降低了与病原体定植抗性有关的共生性状。尽管如此，幼儿的疾病发生率没有差异。这项研究表明，鱼油与母乳防御性炎症反应的降低有关，并且与具有抗炎潜力的婴儿粪便微生物群相对应。母乳中二十二碳六烯酸水平与婴儿肠道细菌丰富度的降低一致，预测的细菌表型表明鱼油降低了与病原体定植抗性有关的共生性状。尽管如此，幼儿的疾病发生率没有差异。这项研究表明，鱼油与母乳防御性炎症反应的降低有关，并且与具有抗炎潜力的婴儿粪便微生物群相对应。