ABSTRACT

Animal husbandry serves as a source of provision of high-quality animal protein to the entire world population. Farm animals are exposed to different types of stressors at various stages of their life cycle. The climate change phenomenon also imposes additional stress on the animals due to extreme temperature (heat and cold) and unavailability of feed, etc. Such stress stimuli induce the release of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol in animals. These stress hormones reduce the host’s production, reproduction and also influence the immune mechanisms. Recent researches revealed the stress hormone responsiveness of micro-organisms. Stress hormones were shown to increase the bacterial growth and virulence mechanisms, and the infectious disease process. This concept gains significance in the stress-related disease outbreaks in animals. Therefore, a brief discussion of important stressors affecting farm animals, their influence on the host immune system and disease pathogenesis was done in this review.

Abbreviations: ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone; CA: Catecholamine; cAMP: cyclic Adenosine monophosphate; CD80: Cluster of Differentiation 80; CD83: Cluster of Differentiation 83; CD86: Cluster of Differentiation 86; CRH: Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone; DC: Dendritic cells; DNA: Deoxy Ribo Nucleic acid; EHEC: Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli; EPI: Epinephrine; ETEC: Enterotoxigenic E.coli; GH: Glucocorticoid; GIS: Geographic Information System; GPS: Global Positioning System; HPA: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal; ICT: Information and Communication technology; IFN-β: Interferon-β; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IL-13: Interleukin-13; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IMH: Intermediate hosts; IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; K99: Fimbrial 99; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; LTA: Lipoteichoic acid; MAPK: Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase; NE: Norepinephrine; NK: Natural killer cells; PAMP: Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; QseB/QseC: sensor histidine kinase/a response regulator; S layers: Slime layers; SAM: Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary; Th0: T helper0; Th1: T helper 1; Th2: T-helper 2; THI: Temperature-Humidity Index; TLR: Toll Like receptor; TNF-α: Tumour Necrosis Factor –α; TNF-β: Tumour Necrosis Factor-β

摘要

畜牧业是向全世界人口提供优质动物蛋白的来源。农场动物在其生命周期的不同阶段暴露于不同类型的压力源。气候变化现象也会因极端温度（热和冷）和饲料的缺乏等给动物带来额外的压力。这种压力刺激会导致动物体内释放肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质醇等应激激素。这些压力荷尔蒙会减少宿主的生产、繁殖并影响免疫机制。最近的研究揭示了微生物的应激激素反应性。压力荷尔蒙被证明可以增加细菌生长和毒力机制，以及传染病过程。这一概念在动物中与压力相关的疾病爆发中具有重要意义。因此，这篇综述简要讨论了影响农场动物的重要压力源、它们对宿主免疫系统和疾病发病机制的影响。

缩写： ACTH：促肾上腺皮质激素；CA：儿茶酚胺；cAMP：环磷酸腺苷；CD80：分化簇 80；CD83：分化簇 83；CD86：分化簇 86；CRH：促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素；DC：树突状细胞；DNA：脱氧核糖核酸；EHEC：肠出血性大肠杆菌；EPI：肾上腺素；ETEC：产肠毒素大肠杆菌；GH：糖皮质激素；GIS：地理信息系统；GPS：全球定位系统；HPA：下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺；ICT：信息和通信技术；IFN-β：干扰素-β；IFN-γ：干扰素-γ；IL-10：白细胞介素-10；IL-13：白细胞介素-13；IL-4：白细胞介素 4；IL-6：白细胞介素 6；IL-8：白细胞介素-8；IMH：中间宿主；IPCC：政府间气候变化专门委员会；K99：菌毛99；LPS：脂多糖；LTA：脂磷壁酸；MAPK：丝裂原活化蛋白激酶；NE：去甲肾上腺素；NK：自然杀伤细胞；PAMP：病原体相关分子模式；PRR：模式识别受体；QseB/QseC：传感器组氨酸激酶/反应调节剂；S层：粘液层；SAM：交感-肾上腺-髓质；Th0：T助手0；Th1：T助手1；Th2：T 助手 2；THI：温湿度指数；TLR：Toll Like 受体；TNF-α：肿瘤坏死因子-α；TNF-β：肿瘤坏死因子-β