In animal communication, acoustic signals can be used to census individuals as well as groups of individuals of the same species. The wolf (Canis lupus) is a protected species in Europe, and the study of its vocalizations may furnish information about its spatial distribution, reproductive success, and social behaviour. This study was conducted in seven locations of the Tuscan Apennines over 2 years. Seven different free-ranging wolf-packs, from different environmental habitats, were recorded. The minimum wolf number of each pack was ascertained along with the presence of pups. Different acoustic characteristics were found among packs, confirming that the group-specific vocal signature is a useful method to recognize packs in the wild. Howls were also analysed in relation to different environmental characteristics, and different frequencies were found to correlate open/closed habitats, so environmental variables should be included in sound analysis models to recognise individual packs.

中文翻译：

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不同植被覆盖的亚平宁地区狼嚎声的声学分析

在动物交流中，声音信号可用于普查个体以及同一物种的个体群体。狼 (Canis lupus) 是欧洲的受保护物种，对其发声的研究可能会提供有关其空间分布、繁殖成功率和社会行为的信息。这项研究是在 2 年内在托斯卡纳亚平宁山脉的七个地点进行的。记录了来自不同环境栖息地的七种不同的自由放养狼群。确定每个狼群的最小狼数量以及幼崽的存在。在包中发现了不同的声学特征，证实了特定于群体的声音特征是在野外识别包的有用方法。还分析了与不同环境特征相关的啸叫声，