Air quality impacts from wildfires have been dramatic in recent years, with millions of people exposed to elevated and sometimes hazardous fine particulate matter (PM _2.5 ) concentrations for extended periods. Fires emit particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds that can negatively impact human health and reduce visibility. While the overall trend in U.S. air quality has been improving for decades, largely due to implementation of the Clean Air Act, seasonal wildfires threaten to undo this in some regions of the United States. Our understanding of the health effects of smoke is growing with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular consequences and mortality. The costs of these health outcomes can exceed the billions already spent on wildfire suppression. In this critical review, we examine each of the processes that influence wildland fires and the effects of fires, including the natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry, and human health impacts. We highlight key data gaps and examine the complexity and scope and scale of fire occurrence, estimated emissions, and resulting effects on regional air quality across the United States. The goal is to clarify which areas are well understood and which need more study. We conclude with a set of recommendations for future research.

Implications

In the recent decade the area of wildfires in the United States has increased dramatically and the resulting smoke has exposed millions of people to unhealthy air quality. In this critical review we examine the key factors and impacts from fires including natural role of wildland fire, forest management, ignitions, emissions, transport, chemistry and human health.

中文翻译：

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野火和规定的燃烧对美国的空气质量有影响。

近年来，野火对空气质量的影响非常显着，数以百万计的人暴露于高浓度且有时有害的细小颗粒物质中（PM _2.5 ）延长浓度。火灾会散发颗粒物质（PM）和气态化合物，会对人体健康造成负面影响并降低能见度。尽管几十年来美国空气质量的总体趋势一直在改善，这在很大程度上归功于《清洁空气法案》的实施，但季节性的野火有可能在美国某些地区消除这种情况。关于呼吸系统和心血管疾病的后果以及死亡率，我们对烟雾对健康的影响的理解正在增长。这些健康成果的成本可能超过已经在抑制野火方面花费的数十亿美元。在这篇重要的评论中，我们研究了影响野火和火的影响的每个过程，包括野火的自然作用，森林管理，着火，排放，运输，化学和人类健康影响。我们突出显示了关键数据的差距，并研究了火灾发生的复杂性，范围和规模，估计的排放量以及由此产生的对美国区域空气质量的影响。目的是弄清哪些领域已广为人知，哪些领域需要进一步研究。最后，我们为以后的研究提出了一系列建议。

含义

在最近的十年中，美国的野火面积急剧增加，由此产生的烟雾使数百万人暴露于不良的空气质量中。在这篇重要的评论中，我们研究了火灾的关键因素和影响，包括荒地火灾的自然作用，森林管理，着火，排放，运输，化学和人类健康。